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深度观察:英国解散议会是怎么回事

2017-05-05 09:28:30   国际在线

非政治任命的上院议员由专门的皇家委员会推荐。教会的大主教和主教被称作“灵职议员”,王室后裔、世袭贵族、终身贵族、上诉法院法官则为“俗职议员”。

上议院议员没有薪水,出席议会会议和活动基于自愿。但议员出席上议院会议和活动,可享受交通、住宿、伙食等补贴。此外,在上院担任职务的议员,可领取职务薪水。

英国下议院有650名成员。不同于上议院,下议院是通过民主选举产生,是最具影响力的议事机构。经由多数制选出的下院议员称为国会议员,国会每届不可长于5年。

自2011年来每一位下议院议员都是由一个选区的选民选出,议员当选后,也就在议会代表该选区。目前英国政府的内阁阁臣,绝大部分都来自下院,而自1902年起,历任的首相也同样是下议院议员。

下议院议员有薪水,根据英国国会网站显示,2016年4月起的议员基本年薪为74962英镑(以目前汇率约合66.6万人民币)。

在历史上,下议院的权力曾远逊于上议院,但现在,下议院在两院中占主导地位。现时下议院的立法权力能够超越上议院,而根据《1911年国会法令》(Parliament Act 1911),上院驳回大部分法案的权力被削减为仅仅拖延法案通过。此外,英国政府亦需要向下议院负责,首相如果失去了下议院的支持,就要下野。

当下院真的对政府失去信心,那么首相就有义务下野辞职,或向英王提请解散国会,尽早举行大选。除非遭到反对党以投票强迫,一般而言,首相都可在英王的许可下择日解散国会,然后再择日举行大选。

不论是国会任期已届5年、政府失去下院的信任,还是首相自动提出,下院都会被解散,然后举行大选。若在大选后,首相所属政党仍然是下院的多数党,那么首相就可以继续留任;若其政党在大选失去多数优势,首相就要被迫辞职。

  议会解散后国家运行会不会受到影响?

按照英国法律,议会解散后,议会下院所有席位自动空缺,所有议员法律身份回归普通民众,失去一切议员特权。上议院成员因为是任命而非选举所得,因此议员身份不变,但新议会组建完成前所有工作暂定。

但是,议会解散并不代表英国进入“无政府”状态。议会和政府是两个互相独立的机构。首相一职虽然是大选或党内推举,但在法律意义上还是由女王任命的,所有内阁大臣也都是女王“依据首相建议”而任命。

虽然议会解散了,但在大选结束并且新一任内阁组建完成前,特雷莎•梅将保留她首相的职位,以及与之关联的所有责任与权力。与此同时,所有内阁大臣也保留现任职位,但被要求“在开展具有延续性或长期性新行动时需要慎重”。

英国政府已经正式宣布,新任议会将在6月13日回到议会大厦,也就是说从5月3日议会解散到6月13日回归,中间共有整整41天的“无议会”状态。

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