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日本人没想象中那么有钱:成年人零花钱创十年新低

2017-05-02 08:50:30   国际在线

前两天,日本媒体有段采访,让记者久久难忘。日本政府为了推行劳动机制改革,鼓励上班族们早下班,鼓励企业取消加班。然而,一个30多岁的上班族在接受采访的时候却说,他每天加班3个小时,这样一个月可以拿到3万日元的加班费,可如果没有这3万日元,他的生活“真的很成问题”。

提起日本经济,人们常常会说,日本政府“藏富于民”。那么,这些“富”藏到哪里去了?日本人的钱又究竟都花到哪里了呢?根据最新公布的数据,日本人平均年收入为414万日元(约合25.5万元人民币)。照理说,这个数字并不低,但是大多数日本工薪族依然感觉手头拮据,这其中的原因是多方面的:首先,日本物价很高,特别是食品和交通。在东京四分之一棵白菜可以卖到200日元(约合12.3元人民币),而坐一次公交车也要220日元(13.6元人民币)。其次,大部分日本家庭只有男主人工作,而男主人的收入除了用来支付一家人的日常开支,还要供房子,给孩子缴学费等等,这些费用也不容小觑。此外,日本人普遍对退休后的经济状况感到担忧,所以不敢花钱。

日本人的退休金一般分为两部分:国民年金和企业年金。日本已经进入老龄化社会,国民年金入不敷出现象严重。目前,国民年金的支取年龄被一拖再拖,金额也是一降再降。很多年轻人由于担心退休后可能根本拿不到国民年金,现在已经开始拒缴年金,这也进一步导致国民年金的收支情况恶化。企业年金方面,在日本退休的时候很多人都面对一个选择:是分20年领取相对高额的企业年金,还是接受每月固定,但金额较少,可以一直领取的企业年金?当然,能够获得企业年金还有一个不成文的规定:必须是公司的正式员工。根据2016年初的一项统计,日本目前以正式员工身份就职的人,只占全部劳动者的6成左右,也就是说,对于大约40%的日本人来说,国民年金将是他们退休后的唯一稳定收入来源。

正因为对老后的生活充满担忧,现在日本年轻人把钱袋子捂得越来越紧,一方面他们要维持目前的生活,抚养孩子;另一方面,他们还要为将来打算,留下退休后足够生活的储蓄。

现在,在日本,除了个别富豪,大众人群中,老年人被认为是真正的有钱人。这些人普遍经历了泡沫经济时代,家藏颇丰。根据日本明治安田生命保险4月28日公布的调查,虽然有超过20%的日本家庭表示,目前全无储蓄,但是50-70岁年龄层的受访者中,家庭平均储蓄却超过了1000万日元。然而,父母有钱绝不等于孩子也有钱。因为在日本,无论是赠与还是继承都要缴纳比例不低的所得税。所以说,日本年轻一代,虽然不至赤贫,但手头并不宽裕。

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