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黑臭水体整治难度大 环保部:对土壤污染过度恐慌

2017-05-08 04:11:18   法制日报

690家重污染企业土壤点位超标

我国曾在2005年至2013年开展了首次全国土壤污染状况调查,除了这次调查的数据外,赵英民还公开了一些数据。“农用地环境质量不容乐观。”他说,耕地、林地、草地土壤点位超标率分别为19.4%、10.0%、10.4%。其中,耕地土壤轻微、轻度、中度和重度污染点位比例分别为13.7%、2.8%、1.8%和1.1%,主要污染物为镉、镍、铜、砷、汞、铅、滴滴涕和多环芳烃。

同时,典型地块及周边土壤污染较为突出。“在调查的690家重污染企业用地及周边的5846个土壤点位中,超标点位占36.3%;在81块工业废弃地的775个土壤点位中,超标点位占34.9%;在146家工业园区的2523个土壤点位中,超标点位占29.4%。”赵英民表示,土壤污染分布差异大。具体表现是,总体上,南方土壤污染重于北方,人口稠密、产业布局集中的长三角、珠三角、东北老工业基地等区域性土壤污染问题较为突出。

“三河”水资源开发利用超警戒线

“水十条”“土十条”均已发布实施。说到这两项污染防治行动计划面临的挑战,赵英民认为,相比国际上一些发达国家而言,我国是在较低的人均收入水平下解决更为复杂的环境问题,环境压力比其他国家更大,解决起来比其他国家更困难。

他说,政府、企业和社会责任未有效落实。赵英民指出,一些地方存在重开发轻保护的现象。对企业治污主体责任的约束不够、激励不足;社会公众对环境问题的关注度越来越高,但是这种关注度尚未转化为绿色的生活方式和消费模式;环境经济政策法制化水平不够;执法主体和监测力量分散,环保机构队伍和条件装备“小马拉大车”,乡镇和农村环保机构队伍基本空白。

就水环境保护面临的挑战,赵英民指出,我国水资源过度开发利用,流域水环境承载力明显下降。他透露,海河、黄河、辽河等流域水资源开发利用率远远超过国际公认的40%的生态警戒线,20%-40%河道内生态环境用水量被经济社会用水挤占,部分河道生态流量严重不足。2016年汛期(6-8月)京津冀有卫星影像的333条河流中,227条断流。

同时,一些地区自然岸线过度开发,河道岸坡硬质化,生态空间不断减少并呈破碎化,浮游生物洄游受阻,水生生物栖息地生境明显变化,部分水体生态功能丧失殆尽。据赵英民介绍,108个国控重点湖泊(水库)中,四分之一处于富营养状态,蓝藻水华问题亟待遏制。

在土壤污染防治方面,赵英民认为面临的主要挑战在于基础十分薄弱。其中包括,底数不清。“全国土壤污染状况调查中的土壤污染超标率是点位超标率,反映的是全国土壤污染的总体态势,并不代表土壤污染的分布和状况。”赵英民说,需要进一步查明农用地土壤污染的面积、分布及其对农产品质量的影响。

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