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狮子座流星雨17日达到极大 每小时天顶流量约15颗

2016-11-13 16:47:52   北京晚报

双星伴月、 北金牛座流星雨、本年度最大最圆月亮、狮子座流星雨……进入年终岁末的天象剧场依然热闹非常,一个接一个的天象节目精彩上演,其中最令人期待的是11月17日的狮子座流星雨,有着“流星雨之王”称号的狮子座流星雨,一直是近期天象剧场的大戏之一。

在寒冷的冬季,“陪你去看流星雨”似乎是件浪漫的事,而流星雨给人的感觉是天上的流星如节日的礼花弹般纷纷落下,在夜空中划出美丽的弧线,事实上,像下雨一般震撼的流星雨场景是极其难得的,因为那种壮观的“流星暴”只发生在十几年甚至几十年一遇的流星雨强盛期间。以狮子座流星雨为例,每年的11月14日到21日都可以观测到,但在通常的年份里能观察到的数量有限,每小时只有几十颗甚至更少。狮子座流星雨大约每33年出现一次活动的强盛期,届时每小时最多出现的流星数目可超过3.5万颗,形成“星陨如雨” 的壮观景象。上次狮子座流星雨的强盛期出现在1997年到2001年。

一颗流星划过,照亮了半边天空,流星雨的出现很早就引起了古人的关注,说起流星雨的观测历史,北京天文馆天文专家寇文说,中国的古书《竹书纪年》中就有“夏帝癸十五年,夜中星陨如雨”的记载,最详细的记录见于《左传》 “鲁庄公七年夏四月辛卯夜,恒星不见,夜中星陨如雨。”鲁庄公七年是公元前687年,是世界上天琴座流星雨的最早记录。中国古代关于流星雨的记录大约有180次之多。其中天琴座流星雨记录大约有9次,英仙座流星雨大约12次,狮子座流星雨记录有7次。这些记录对于研究流星群轨道的演变,都有重要的意义。国外关于流星雨的记载更多是轶事,1833年美国东南部出现的狮子座流星雨每小时流量接近五万颗,这场如瀑布一般的流量雨着实让当时的人们大惊失色,报纸上纷纷出现了外星人入侵,地球即将毁灭等报道。

流星雨的形成与彗星和小行星有着密切的联系,特别是彗星。寇文说,大部分流星雨的生成母体物质是彗星,彗星是太阳系中的小天体,由冰物质组成,当运行到太阳附近的时候因为受到热力的作用,本身物质开始蒸发和脱落,脱落的物质依旧留在轨道上运动,如果该彗星的运行轨道和地球的轨道有相交之处,那么当两者轨道相交时,大量的流星体便会进入地球大气层,形成流星雨。

流星雨的规模大不相同。有时在一小时中只出现几颗流星,但它们看起来都是从同一个辐射点“流出”的,因此也属于流星雨的范畴;有时在短短的时间里,在同一辐射点中能迸发出成千上万颗流星,当每小时出现的流星数超过1000颗时,就出现了“流星暴”的壮观景象。在夜空中人们也会经常看到单个流星 , 出现时间和方向没有固定的规律,天文学上 称为“偶发流星”。而一些质量较大的流星体,在摩擦中爆炸,产生火球,便会看到一个明亮的大火球划破夜空,后面拖着一条长长的光带,亮度最高时可超过月亮,这就是火流星。

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