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抹香鲸尸解剖:工作人员全副武装防“鲸爆”(图)

2016-03-12 13:27:42   华西都市报

抹香鲸被送到大连生命奥秘博物馆,制作塑化标本。

揭秘

抹香鲸是世界公认的“潜水冠军”,能潜到2000米甚至4000米的深海追猎食物,它的耳朵构造是怎样的?如何抵御深海压力?来自成都及深圳的耳科专家,对抹香鲸的听觉系统进行了艰苦卓绝的研究。

耳朵在哪?找了4小时

抹香鲸是世界公认的“潜水冠军”。为了捕食美味的巨型乌贼,抹香鲸需要潜到2000米甚至4000米的深海追猎,但普通人类则是下潜40米就会耳膜穿孔。

大连生命奥秘博物馆创始人隋鸿锦教授说,抹香鲸属于齿鲸,靠听力来感知世界,所以听力非常敏锐。它有极其灵敏的探测系统即“声呐”,能用发出超声波的喀嗒声而听其回音,在漆黑的深海里识别周围环境。

抹香鲸的耳朵构造是怎样的?如何抵御深海压力?为何听觉如此灵敏?目前,关于抹香鲸听力方面的文献极少,且并不详尽。

3月11日,来自成都华西医院耳鼻喉专科的赵宇教授与来自深圳的耳科专家汤文龙医生,对抹香鲸的听觉系统进行了解剖研究。这项研究将对探寻抹香鲸的听力世界具有重大意义。

赵宇教授说,哺乳动物的听觉系统一般包含有中耳、内耳和外耳以及耳廓等。“抹香鲸生活在海洋里,已经没有耳廓。我们推测它的耳道应该是又细又长,而且是封闭的,否则它潜水到很深的地方,水的压力足以破坏它的耳朵。”

由于抹香鲸体型庞大,且腐败程度较高,又缺乏文献,因此寻找耳道成为专家们面临的头等难题。解剖现场臭气熏天,在这样的环境下解剖抹香鲸的耳朵,既是个精雕细琢的巧活,又是个脏活累活。

从上午11点至下午3点过,经过长达4个多小时的解剖和摸索,抹香鲸的外耳道终于被找着了!赵宇教授说,经过他的测量,抹香鲸的外耳道至少有1.2米长,仅大拇指粗。

为什么抹香鲸的外耳道又长又细?汤文龙医生猜测,这是因为抹香鲸要时常潜到深海里,深海里非常的寒冷,可能它也是因为冷水的刺激,引起了外耳道狭窄,以适应这种冷水以及压力的变化。

“外耳道找到后,将以外耳道为中心顺藤摸瓜,探索中耳、内耳等各个部分。”赵宇教授说,耳部的解剖是一项十分精细的工作,因此现场使用了最为先进的IPC耳鼻喉综合动力系统,磨出大量骨质的同时,保证对解剖位置的精细操作。

目前,几位专家仍然在紧锣密鼓进行解剖工作,期待能够完全解开抹香鲸耳朵的秘密。届时或许能够获得一定启发,利用仿生学为一些耳部疾病患者制作辅助听力设备等。

塑化

隋鸿锦教授说,根据这头抹香鲸的体格,塑化制作周期不少于5年,至少需要500吨的丙酮和70吨的硅橡胶,成本不会低于3000万元人民币。这头抹香鲸的塑化完成后,将成为世界上最大的塑化标本。

制作周期至少5年

可保存千年不腐

据了解,生物塑化技术通过真空物理工艺,采用高分子多聚物替代生物组织中的水分和脂肪。这种技术制成的标本有着与活体相似的鲜活度,可以保存上千年,且易于学习观察。

隋鸿锦教授说,根据这头抹香鲸的体格,可以确定的是,这头抹香鲸的塑化制作周期不少于5年,至少需要使用500吨的丙酮和70吨的硅橡胶,成本不会低于3000万元人民币。

运用这种技术,以后人们对抹香鲸的肌肉骨骼、五脏六腑都能清晰看到。

“生物塑化保留了它的DNA,虽然有可能DNA发生断裂,但是这种物质被保存下来了。”隋鸿锦说,随着科技进步,未来的人类也许能够通过新的科技手段为这些DNA解码,“我们把比较濒危的动物今天保存下来,可能会为几百年后的人们了解今天提供可能性。”

隋鸿锦还提到,成都天府广场建立的生命奥秘博物馆,里面就有很多濒危动物。“我们的标本,将来一定会成为文物,因为它的保存期很长,也代表着我们今天的科学水平,包括生物信息的载体。几百年之后,我们今天保存下来的信息将非常有价值”。

据了解,此前世界上最大的塑化标本是一条高约3米、长约7米、重3吨的鳁鲸标本,名叫“海海”。若大连这头抹香鲸的塑化完成,将刷新纪录,成为世界上最大的塑化标本。

责任编辑:张晓伟 CN042
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