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回访上海“手机预装软件”案 引发手机行业整改风潮

2016-01-12 11:23:28   中国新闻网

上世纪六十年代,西方经济学界有一个著名的试验。

将一块草地划分成几块,分给几个牧羊人使用,中间留有一块作为公共草地,每个牧羊人都可以自由使用。一年以后,人们发现,分给个人的草地被有计划有节制地使用,而公共草地则因被过度使用而变得寸草不生。

该项试验反映了社会公共资源在无人管护的情况下的现实状况,这一现象也因此得名“公地的悲剧”。

在社会公共领域,民事公益诉讼的出现,则被认为是解决“未受规范的公地悲剧”的最有效手段之一。

盘点2015年的民事公益诉讼案件,上海市消费者权益保护委员会诉天津三星通信技术有限公司、广东欧珀移动通信有限公司侵权责任纠纷案件,因系全国首次进入司法程序的消费民事公益诉讼而成为当年备受关注的“破冰”之诉。

这两起案件在2015年11月13日落槌之后,还一度引发了手机行业的“蝴蝶效应”,此后,国家工信部相关新规出台。

相隔月余,《法制日报》记者来到上海市第一中级人民法院,对这两起案件的审判长、上海一中院民一庭副庭长羊焕发法官进行了回访。

真正意义上公益诉讼首案

2015年7月初,上海一中院受理了上海消保委诉三星公司和欧珀公司侵权责任纠纷两个案件,成为全国最早进入司法程序的民事公益诉讼。

2013年1月1日起施行的新民事诉讼法第五十五条规定:“对污染环境、侵害众多消费者合法权益等损害社会公共利益的行为,法律规定的机关和有关组织可以向人民法院提起诉讼。”

在2012年8月31日民事诉讼法修订之前,公益诉讼并没有明文规定,法律要求民事诉讼的原告必须与案件有直接利害关系。

消费者权益保护法第四十七条规定,对侵害众多消费者合法权益的行为,中国消费者协会以及在省、自治区、直辖市设立的消费者协会,可以向人民法院提起诉讼。

这一规定,实际上是明确了消协组织公益诉讼的主体地位。

2015年2月4日,最高人民法院发布了《关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉的解释》,并从当日开始施行。该司法解释专章对公益诉讼作了8条规定。

修订后的民事诉讼法和消费者权益保护法对公益诉讼的规定,意味着立法机关尝试建立起一种基本法与单行法相结合的民事公益诉讼法律制度模式,而此次司法解释的出台,基本上完成了民事公益诉讼法律制度实施层面的设计。

在随后一段时间里,司法实务界一直在“静候”实际案例的出现。

2014年12月30日,浙江消保委向上海铁路运输法院提起消费维权民事公益诉讼,请求法院判令上海铁路局立即停止其“强制实名制购票乘车后遗失车票的消费者另行购票”的行为。这是修订消费者权益保护法实施后,由消保委组织提起的全国首例消费维权公益诉讼。

回访时,羊焕发告诉记者,这个案件在提起诉讼后,经过受诉法院的审查,最终由于不符合公益诉讼的条件而被裁定不予受理。因此,当时坊间所说“浙江消保委诉铁老大”的“消费公益诉讼第一案”实际上并没有真正进入司法程序。所以,准确地说,上海消保委诉三星公司和欧珀公司的侵权诉讼才是真正意义上的民事公益消费第一案。

责任编辑:柯旺 CN044
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