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浙江6000年前开始种茶 中国种茶史前推3000年

2016-01-12 10:28:39   

河姆渡文化田螺山遗址发现我国最早的人工种茶遗存

这项考古发现把中国种茶历史往前推了3000年

6000年前,余姚一带先民就开始种茶啦

6000年前,生活在余姚田螺山一带的先民就开始植茶树,田螺山是迄今为止考古发现的、我国最早人工种植茶树的地方,这是记者昨从田螺山遗址考古发掘研究成果发布会上获悉的。

浙江省文物考古研究所与中国农业科学院茶叶研究所昨联合在杭宣布,河姆渡文化田螺山遗址考古发掘和研究的一项重要成果:田螺山遗址出土的距今6000年左右的山茶属树根,经专家综合分析和多家专业机构检测鉴定,被认定为山茶属茶种植物的遗存,是迄今为止我国境内考古发现的、最早的人工种植茶树的遗存。

这项考古发现,把中国境内开始种植茶树的历史,由过去认为的距今约3000年,上推到了6000年前。

早在1973年就发现原始茶遗物

1973年,在距今7000年前的余姚河姆渡遗址中,考古专家就发现一些堆积在古村落干栏式房屋附近的樟科植物叶片,并被认定为原始茶遗物。这在当时曾震撼了考古界、史学界和茶学界。

2004年,考古工作者又在与河姆渡遗址相距很近的田螺山遗址距今6000多年前的文化层中,发现了位于干栏式木结构房屋附近的两大片原生于土层中的密集树根根块,且其中一片的周围明显有人工开挖的浅土坑,并伴随一些碎陶片。

随后,有关专家对这一特殊迹象引起重视,并着手进行多方面的科学分析和鉴定。其中,一起参与田螺山遗址合作研究的日本东北大学植物学教授铃木三男和金泽大学考古学教授中村慎一等,对出土后保存的疑似茶树根进行木材显微切片检测,结果表明,这些树根均为山茶属的同种植物。

这批树根芯部无髓,年轮的方向变化显著,年轮界限不明显,导管和纤维的细胞壁很薄,纤维直径及放射组织细胞较大。这些特征首先表明,出土的这批标本确为根部木材,并认为这些树根的显微结构与栽培茶树一致,可以初定为茶树。

考古人员为妥善保存这些树根,按通常方式,将树根浸于清水中,其间多次换水浸泡。2008年12月,部分树根和浸泡树根的水液由中国农业科学院茶叶研究所进行化学检测,鉴定是否含有茶树特征性成分茶氨酸。经色谱检测,树根和水液虽然多次换水浸泡,但都检出有茶氨酸。

检测断定田螺山出土的古树根是茶树根

根据以往的茶学研究,除茶树外,茶树的近缘植物茶梅中,也含有微量茶氨酸。为进一步验证田螺山出土的这批树根是否属于其他山茶属植物,有关专家于2009年10月26日在遗址附近挖取了茶树及近缘植物红山茶、油茶、茶梅、山茶根样本;2011年5月12日在考古现场提取了出土树根样本,同时在田螺山遗址周围再次挖取活体茶树、山茶、油茶和茶梅树根,送到农业部茶叶质量监督检验测试中心进行色谱检测。

经测定结果可以断定,余姚田螺山遗址出土的这些古树根是茶树根。

针对以上综合分析和鉴定结果,今年3月18日,浙江省文物考古研究所等单位在杭召开“田螺山遗址山茶属植物遗存研究成果论证会”。会上,由中国社会科学院历史研究所、国家博物馆等单位资深专家学者组成的论证专家组,听取了考古学和茶学研究专家关于田螺山遗址出土山茶属树根遗存的研究报告,并对研究方法和结论进行充分论证。

专家组认为,田螺山遗址出土的这三批树根,是迄今为止我国境内考古发现的最早的人工种植茶树的遗存,距今已有6000年左右历史。

由此可见,田螺山遗址的茶树根的考古发现,把中国境内开始种植茶树的历史由过去认为的距今约3000年,上推到了6000年前。也就是说,在6000年前,生活在余姚田螺山一带的先民就开始种植茶树。余姚田螺山是迄今为止考古发现的、我国最早人工种植茶树的地方。

□本报记者王晨辉

责任编辑:柯旺 CN044
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