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那么“审理阶段”都包括哪些?赵秉志表示,我国刑事诉讼法规定的审判程序很多,不仅包括一审、二审程序,还包括死刑复核程序、审判监督程序(再审程序)。考虑到适用审判监督程序再审时原判决已经生效且再审期间不停止原判刑罚的执行,因此刑法第49条所称“审判的时候”主要指的是人民法院受理案件后至判决生效前的期间。在死刑案件中,如果死刑复核裁定尚未作出,那么原一、二审法院所作的裁判即未发生法律效力,案件仍处于“审判”的过程中。
赵秉志表示,在死刑复核期间,如果被告人已年满75周岁,那么当然也属于“审判的时候已满七十五周岁”,若被告人不是“以特别残忍的手段致人死亡”,则不能对其适用死刑(包括不能适用死刑缓期二年执行)。该案中,王伦业在死刑复核期间已年满75周岁,且不属于“以特别残忍的手段致人死亡”之情形,依照刑法典第49条的规定,应对其不适用死刑。
>>受访对象:中国政法大学教授洪道德
复核是否属于“审判”有待明确
4月9日,京华时报记者就此案采访了中国政法大学刑事司法学院教授、著名刑诉法专家洪道德。据洪道德分析,按照刑事诉讼法的规定,死刑复核是一项特别程序,各省高级法院曾赋予对一些犯罪的死刑复核权。但2007年1月1日,死刑复核已被统一收归最高人民法院行使。在刑事诉讼法的编列中,死刑复核程序被编列在第三编第四章,也就是“审判”这一编中。单从字面意思理解,死刑复核就应该属于审判的范畴。
刑诉法还规定,最高院复核死刑案件,应当讯问被告人,辩护律师提出要求的,应当听取辩护律师的意见;而刑诉法司法解释规定,死刑复核期间,辩护律师要求当面反映意见的,最高院有关合议庭应当在办公场所听取其意见,并制作笔录,辩护律师提出书面意见的,应当附卷;洪道德认为,这些程序要求实际上就是在审理案件,也自然就属于审判的范畴。
洪道德指出,近年来,最高法还曾就死刑复核案件开庭审理。除了开庭审理,对于不核准死刑的,做出了撤销判决发回重审的裁定,或者直接进行改判。这就是更为直接且明确的审判。因此,死刑复核应该属于审判的范畴。之所以专门设定死刑复核程序,就是为了确保不出错,达到百分百的正确。
洪道德表示,王伦业的案件事实已经没有争议,但却面临年龄达到了刑法第49条规定的75岁,焦点就在于死刑复核是否属于审判的范畴,这起案件也应该是国内首例75岁面临死刑复核的案件,出现了刑诉法和刑法重合的情况,最终的核准结果如何,还有待于最高法的决定。
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