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内蒙古男子涉奸杀女童坐冤狱18年 真凶落网证其清白

2015-02-02 10:12:28   中国青年报

2014年12月,在李彦明杀人案庭审中,王本余出庭作证,与李彦明对质。

 防止冤错案,制度和人都重要 

王本余错案得以纠正,司法公正最终得到维护,但错案发生的原因值得反思。

“王本余包庇李彦明,准确指认抛尸地点,供述时真时假,这些误导了侦查。”孙威认为,对于错案发生,王本余有一定责任。

但导致错案的主要原因,还在于之后办案出现了偏差。北京师范大学刑事法律科学研究院副院长宋英辉教授认为,该案的证据没有达到确实充分的程度,没有坚持刑事诉讼法证据标准。证据确实充分,要求与定罪有关的事实情节要有证据证明,经过查证属实,排除其他可能性,得出的结论是唯一的。比如,当年案发时的鉴定,没有准确反映出被害人遭受性侵的伤痕形成真正原因,说明当年的鉴定、比对存在疏忽,没有达到定罪标准要求,没有排除其他可能性。

中国政法大学法学院副院长许身健教授表示,我国法治建设已经取得巨大进步,但错案仍时有发生,严重损害了司法权威和公信力。他说,学术界认为错案形成的原因在于:由供到证的侦查模式,先入为主的片面取证,违反规律的限期破案,科学证据的不当解读,屡禁不止的刑讯逼供等,“但根子在侦查环节”。

当然,错案之所以发生,不单单是某个司法机关的问题。王本余10次供述8次指证李彦明作案,最终采信其有罪供述,“反映了过去司法实践中存在有罪推定的办案理念问题”。宋英辉指出。

防范冤假错案发生,杜绝类似问题出现,国家正在采取有力措施。

2013年8月,中央政法委出台关于切实防止冤假错案的指导意见。随后,最高人民法院出台了《关于建立健全防范刑事冤假错案工作机制的意见》,最高人民检察院下发了《关于切实履行检察职能防止和纠正冤假错案的若干意见》,提出以事实为根据,以法律为准绳,坚守防止冤假错案底线,坚持惩罚犯罪与保障人权并重,切实维护司法公正。

宋英辉强调,防止冤假错案发生要注意两点:

一是观念上要树立坚持法律规定的证据证明标准。证据不足、存在矛盾,一定要核实,如果查不清楚,要坚持疑罪从无的原则。“疑罪从无有可能放纵罪犯,但将来一旦发现有罪证据还可追诉。如果定了罪,必然使无辜者被冤枉,也放纵了真凶。”

二是切实保证司法机关依法独立行使职权。办案是一个复杂的过程,需要通过嫌疑人供述、证人证言、物证等重构犯罪事实,有很多因素可能导致判断错误,如果外界加以干预,很可能加速错误判断的形成。“新一轮司法改革之所以强调保证司法机关依法独立行使职权,意义之一就是防止冤假错案发生。”

“防止冤假错案,制度重要,人的因素也很重要。”许身健说。毕竟再精巧的制度需要人来运作,如果没有尽心尽责、依法办案的执法人员操作法律程序,即使法律规范再完备,程序设计再精巧,也会造成办案差错。错案的发生,归根结底是执法人员造成的,有些错案可以通过强化机制有效避免,但有些错案的发生则是执法人员责任心不强、执法素质不高造成的,必须提高执法人员的执法水平与能力素养。

“关键是要贯彻党的十八届四中全会依法治国的精神,按照法律规定和法律程序执法办案。作为检察机关,一定要切实履行法律监督职责,确保国家法律统一正确实施,积极维护社会公平正义。”北京市检察院二分院政治部主任高凯最后说。

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