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沉寂百年的圆明园大宫门首次亮相

2019-01-29 10:01:37   北京日报 

原标题:圆明园大宫门遗址将开放

沉寂百年的圆明园大宫门首次亮相

昨天,沉寂百年的圆明园大宫门首次亮相。本报记者吴镝摄

本报讯(记者任敏)昨天,在新时代圆明园发展思路专家研讨会上,圆明园公布大宫门考古遗址发现成果,内容包括大宫门遗址、东西门罩遗址、金水桥遗址、河道遗址等。近期,圆明园将启动对大宫门片区的保护工程,未来这里将分三类对外展示。

大宫门是圆明园的正门,位于圆明园中轴线的南端。大宫门建成于雍正三年(1725年),门上悬挂雍正御书“圆明园”匾,该区域包含大宫门、二宫门(出入贤良门)、正大光明殿、东西配殿、朝房和茶膳房、值房等建筑,是一组功能性强、建筑物密集的大型建筑群。历史上大宫门片区是圆明园的前朝区,是圆明园三园中最重要、规模最大的宫门区,居圆明园四十景之首。1860年英法联军火烧圆明园,大宫门被焚毁。后来,同治皇帝重修圆明园,重点修复了大宫门,但并未修复完成就停工。大宫门在随后的100余年时间里逐渐荒废。

在圆明三园的所有宫门中,大宫门是各座园门中规格最高、规模最大的,只有大宫门和长春园宫门是供皇帝进出的。帝后从御园往返皇城、去西陵、南海子(南苑)时,主要由大宫门出入。皇帝在圆明园处理政务的前朝区也设在大宫门内。

大宫门是当前圆明园三园中唯一尚未恢复正门功能的区域。

2002年至今,经国家文物局批准,圆明园管理处对大宫门遗址进行了四期考古发掘工作,已基本发掘清理出六处主要建筑遗址和部分河道以及道路广场。通过考古发掘,基本弄清楚了大宫门外朝房、水道等的形制、布局、建造方式等,为以后的保护展示工作提供了科学依据。

考古中还新发现了两条排水道,这两条水道在目前所能看到的几幅样式雷图档上均未有显示。根据排水道与墙基的叠压打破关系判断,排水道与朝房为同期遗存。这一发现补充了样式雷图档的阙载,为研究大宫门外排水系统提供了参照。此外,考古专家还在水道壁上发现了闸槽,找到了大宫门外水道由明转暗的结点。依据样式雷图档,并结合实际发掘情况,水道修砌工整,应主要作为景观来设计。从样式雷图档上看,大宫门外水道南段很大一部分为明道,可以直接看到水道里面清澈而汩汩流动的水流。

已发掘的大宫门片区遗址内容丰富,遗存清晰,明确揭示了大宫门历史格局,为研究和修复这一片区历史景观提供了详实可靠的实证依据。

圆明园管理处文物考古科科长陈辉介绍,大宫门片区占地近5公顷,四期考古发掘的面积将近8000平方米。目前,管理处采取临时性措施将部分重要遗址保护起来,近期也将启动保护工程,未来将分三类进行保护性展示,对大宫门遗址、东西门罩遗址、东西外朝房遗址、东西外转角值房遗址和大影壁进行覆罩保护展示,对平桥遗址、金水桥遗址和河道遗址进行原址露明展示,对大宫门遗址区进行环境整治。在不久的将来,修复完成后,这里将对公众开放。

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