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黄河变清调查:绿色巨变藏风险 小水小沙隐患重

2017-09-25 11:27:36   瞭望

  黄河变清调查

据5月实测数据显示,黄河含沙量不超过0.8公斤每立方米。 

在非汛期,黄河80%以上河段是清的

生态建设工程、气候变化、水利工程、经济社会发展是黄河泥沙锐减的重要原因

近期入黄泥沙锐减不能代表今后趋势,对未来来沙量估计不宜过于乐观:

水土保持措施作用有局限,若发生超量级降雨,水土流失反而会加大

大洪水几率增加,一旦决口,可能引发改道

“小水小沙”隐患重重,清水下泄给未来防洪造就一个新险局

黄河治理应保持战略定力,防止受局部和短时期变化影响产生战略误判

5月中下旬,《瞭望》新闻周刊记者从内蒙古包头出发,沿黄河至山东利津入海口采访,看到了一条与往昔完全不一样的黄河。从托克托县河口镇到郑州桃花峪,1200多公里的黄河中游,已然一河清水;直到开封以下,黄河才呈浅黄色。

这意味着,连同基本是清水的上游,在非汛期,黄河80%以上的河段是清的。潼关水文站控制了黄河91%的流域面积、90%的径流量和几乎全部泥沙含量数据。据5月实测数据显示,黄河含沙量不超过0.8公斤每立方米。

黄河自河口镇急转南下,将黄土高原劈为两半,奔流至河南三门峡,一路接纳的泥沙占入黄泥沙总量的89%。本刊记者在这一黄河泥沙“主产区”采访,但见往昔的“一支浊黄”已变一派清流。

“黄河变清已经十多年了,有时候,水甚至是绿的。”山西永和县农民贾长治自幼生活在黄河岸边,对着黄河,54岁的他略带遗憾地说:“现在的黄河没威力了,以前浪有两米多高,成天轰轰吼,外面来的人晚上都睡不着。”

《瞭望》记者站在壶口瀑布旁,但见从壶口跌落出的河水浪花如雪,有的白中泛绿。陕西韩城黄河禹门口段,河水清且涟漪。在水流平缓的河湾处,两岸高山倒影可见。

5月23日,黄河壶口瀑布飞溅的水雾在阳光下形成美丽的彩虹 詹彦摄

从开封直至入海口,黄河变黄;但与10多年前相比,色泽偏浅。专家解释,在非汛期,小浪底水库下泄的是清水,演进中冲起了河底淤沙,才再现黄河“本色”。据了解,1999年小浪底水库下闸蓄水后,即进入拦沙运用,2000~2015年,黄河下游年均输沙量仅为0.64亿吨,较1950~1999年均值减少11.39亿吨。

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