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蜜蜂若灭绝人类只能活四年?并非耸人听闻

2017-09-19 15:27:41   新华社

最重要的一点是农业扩大化生产,杀虫剂和化肥的使用不当导致开花植物减少,使蜜蜂缺少食物来源,也是致使蜜蜂中毒反应、病虫害大爆发的主要原因。同时,为适应机械化生产需要,大规模单一植被的种植会导致花期过于集中,也对蜜蜂的健康很不利;包括农户饲养管理模式的不妥当,比如过分追求产量,对蜜蜂健康的重视程度不够等,都导致蜜蜂的生存受到威胁。

养蜂行业里还存在着职业养蜂人数量减少和老龄化问题严重的掣制:因为人工养蜂太辛苦,导致许多人转行;调查显示,部分省市养蜂人平均年龄已达54岁,养蜂群体中,60岁以上的老人所占比例超过40%以上。刁青云认为,职业养蜂人的后继不力会直接导致蜂群数量减少,继而造成蜂产品成本价格增高。

至于国际上常常出现,常被提到的“蜂群崩溃失调病”或“蜂群衰竭失调”(ColonyCollapseDisorder,CCD)的现象,刁青云表示,养殖的蜜蜂的确会出现某种人类尚未研究清楚的原因而突然消失的特例,国际上科学家对发生原因也争论已久,但目前中国暂时还没有被报道发生该现象。

安建东提醒,外来物种入侵也是导致“土著”蜜蜂多样性下降的主要因素,比如,欧洲地熊蜂是一种优良的商品化蜂种,近20年来出口到世界各地为当地农作物授粉,产生了巨大的经济效益;但是同时,欧洲地熊蜂适应能力极强,很容易逃出温室在自然界成功营巢。

据报道,欧洲地熊蜂已经在新西兰、澳大利亚、日本、智利、阿根廷等国家造成了生物入侵现象,导致当地“土著”蜜蜂多样性下降,破坏了当地的生态系统平衡。再如,自从1896年意大利蜜蜂引入中国以来,对我国“土著”中华蜜蜂造成了一定程度上的负面影响。

据2005年的统计,受外来物种意大利蜜蜂的影响,近100年来,中国境内的中华蜜蜂分布区域缩小75%以上,种群数量减少80%以上。没有原驻地的天敌,入侵者们在数量上肆无忌惮大量爆发,会挤占侵蚀“土著”动植物的栖息地。这样一来,实际上以“土著”植物为食物的相关“土著”蜜蜂就没有合适的花蜜了,没有合适的花蜜或花粉,蜜蜂种群就下降了。

▲欧洲熊峰(图片来自网络)

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