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蜜蜂若灭绝人类只能活四年?并非耸人听闻

2017-09-19 15:27:41   新华社

▲沾满花粉的蜜蜂(图片来源:蝌蚪五线谱)

击打蜜蜂这一“环”,生态链上将断裂更多“环”

英国诗人亚历山大·蒲柏曾写道:“自然的链条无论你击打哪一环,第十或者第十万,都将令它断裂。”蜜蜂身处自然链条中的关键一环,它与植物的协同进化效应使物种的多样性得到了最大的体现,假如蜜蜂这种物种灭绝,将有更多物种也随之消失。

在新疆喀什,每年4月都会有百万亩巴旦木花竞相开放,粉红色的花朵绚烂了整座城市。这种被作为当地特色美食的坚果巴旦木,适口性好,甜而不腻,富含单不饱和脂肪酸、锌,有很好的抗氧化功能,是含维生素E最多的坚果,而巴旦木是高度依赖昆虫授粉的果树,如果缺少蜜蜂等授粉昆虫,几乎不会结果。

据美国NPR电台2月24日报道,即使在大规模经济作物的种植的今天,在全球最大的“大杏仁”产区美国加利福尼亚,果农们每年春天仍然需要使用卡车运输数百万只花钱“雇来”的蜜蜂,从南方高速公路出发,长途跋涉2000千米到北方果园,等到花期结束再把这些蜜蜂送回去。

除了常见的巴旦木,更有许多濒临灭绝的珍稀植物甚至只能依靠特定的蜜蜂帮助授粉。假如这种蜜蜂不幸灭绝,那么这些珍稀植物也将接二连三地湮灭。刁青云介绍,在以色列中北部有一种珍稀的深紫色鸢尾花,它生长的地方建起了道路导致特定蜜蜂很难飞过去为其授粉,人类为此专门搭建了专有的“生态桥通道”。野生蜜蜂在访花过程中常常进行异花授粉,也会帮助提高植物的遗传多样性和基因型的复杂程度,从而保持了生物多样性的稳定。

▲喀什的巴旦木花(图片来自网络)

2

重重威胁困境下生存的“蜜蜂”们

据中国科学院动物研究所动物进化与系统学重点实验室研究员朱朝东解释,准确地说,“蜜蜂”只是对整个蜜蜂总科的一个统称。真正细分的话,目前全世界记述的蜜蜂类昆虫物种共有2万多种。

一般根据人类对蜜蜂的驯化程度大致区分为野生蜜蜂和人工饲养的家蜂。相比起无法被准确监测统计的野生蜜蜂,家养蜜蜂的种类极少,目前主要包括东方蜜蜂、西方蜜蜂和一些熊蜂种类。当我们提到“保护蜜蜂”时,不仅仅指保护家养蜜蜂,野生蜜蜂的保护也刻不容缓。

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