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九寨沟地震 红外生命探测仪与死神争分夺秒
2017-08-14 10:10:43 中国青年网
前者与太阳能电池发电的原理相同,半导体材料吸收光的能量,会产生可以相互分离的正负电荷。它们被材料内部电场分开,紧接着又被其推向半导体两端,形成电势差。电势差正如大坝两端一高一低的水位落差,一旦接通电路,电流便像开闸泄洪时的水流一样,只一瞬间便波涛汹涌,从而形成了完整的回路,也即是电信号;后者在没有光照时通常没什么导电性,受到光照后,也只会产生大量光生载流子(携带电荷的基本单元)。不同于光电二极管,这些电荷通常只有一种,根据半导体类型不同会产生正电荷或者负电荷,它们如同一些突然空降下来的散兵游勇,只会无头苍蝇般四处乱转,但当在半导体两端施加电压后,它们就像听到了进攻的号角般有序地向前冲,使得电流骤然变大,也便将光信号转化为电信号了。
光电检测器通常对不同波长的光线具有差异性响应,因此可以检测出特定波段的光线。半导体中电子所处的能量状态带有两种——导带和价带,低温下,大多电子处在低能量的价带,非常安分;而部分电子就像人来疯的孩子,稍受刺激(比如光照或升温),便成了“小疯子”,跃至高能量的导带,此时它们更自由,便有了导电性,半导体也因此得名——基态导电性差,受激后导电性大幅提升。能隙是这两种状态间的能量差,它决定了受多大刺激才能使安分的电子变成“小疯子”。一般情况下,一种半导体的能隙恒定不变,光的能量取决于它的波长,能隙便对应了特定波长的光,只有能量等于或者大于这一波长的光才可以使光转化为电,毕竟刺激大了,只会让电子们更“疯”。因此,若想检测能量很小的红外线,所选半导体的能隙必须更小,这便使得红外光电检测器的材料选择受到了很大的局限,正因如此,目前一部分科学工作者在改良现有的红外响应材料,另一部分则在探索全新的半导体材料,例如可设计性较强的有机半导体。
红外探测技术很早便应用在我们生活的方方面面。例如,无论是空调还是电视的遥控器,都是将信息负载于红外线上发射出去,再由电器中的红外探测器将其转化成电信号,再由处理器解调来实现远程控制的。
而事实上,这项技术最初是在军工行业中崭露头角的,其蓬勃发展也有赖于第二次世界大战,随后,红外夜视仪帮助战士们在夜间也能清晰看到敌人的行踪。近些年发展起来的红外精确制导武器更是将战争引领到了“外科手术”式精准打击的新层面上。
因此,红外探测技术不仅是瘫在沙发上手握遥控器,也是在灾区争分夺秒搜寻幸存者的决胜利器,更是沙场之上先发制人的撒手锏。
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