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军事管理区出现无人机 管控防范“黑飞”刻不容缓

2017-07-20 08:38:58   新华网

“黑飞”现象缘何屡禁不止

随着无人机技术的日渐成熟,民用无人机尤其是消费级无人机迅速发展。近年来,无人机“黑飞”现象频发,在扰乱空中交通管制、危害航空安全的同时,也容易进入部队营区或演训空域,给部队防间保密带来威胁。尽管《民用无人驾驶航空器实名制登记管理规定》的出台,将更好防范安全隐患的发生,但导致“黑飞”现象屡禁不止的原因还有不少。

现有法规制度亟待完善。目前关于无人机的规定多为临时性、指导性意见,而且以民航机构的一些行业规范、部门规章为主,有关审批程序、管理规定、适航标准、处罚标准等内容较为笼统,缺乏强制执行力和可操作性,加之执法监管部门缺乏明确主体,在现实执行过程中面临许多难题。

空域申请手续繁琐、审批困难。组织一次正规飞行必须申请空域、报批飞行计划。然而,申请过程复杂耗时,并且只受理单位用户,也让无人飞行器个人拥有者、驾驶员及航模爱好者失去了申请的主体资格。

违法违规飞行的处罚力度偏弱。对于“黑飞”的处罚,目前只在《治安管理处罚法》(修订公开征求意见稿)中规定:“违反国家规定,在低空飞行无人机、动力伞、三角翼等通用航空器、航空运动器材,或者升放无人驾驶自由气球、系留气球等升空物体的,处五日以上十日以下拘留;情节较重的,处十日以上十五日以下拘留。”

部分从事无人机活动的企业和个人法律意识不高。取得无人机操控员合格资质,必须经过至少一个月的系统培训,花费万余元。大量无人机的生产企业、用户都没有接受过正规培训,一些无人机使用者对“机场净空区”等航空法律规则意识淡薄,也不了解“黑飞”可能会对国家利益、公共安全造成的危害。

同时,由于无人机通常由非金属材料制作,目标小,低空慢速飞行,导致传统雷达无法有效探测,且监管涉及多个环节与部门,存在管控难、防范难、取证难、处置难等问题。

对策措施

管控防范“黑飞”刻不容缓

据不完全统计,我国目前约有2万架无人机处于“黑飞”状态。作为一项新兴产业,无人机行业的发展需要技术和法律的双重护航,才能一方面堵上安全漏洞,另一方面有利于无人机产业和应用市场的发展。

尽快建立健全法律法规和行业标准。无人机监管法律法规的制定涉及多部门多领域,需要国家有关部门统筹安排、统一制定,生产、适航、注册、审批、飞行、监管、惩处等方面全方位、前瞻性立法,并同步出台与法律相配套的实施细则、操作规程和行业规定,确保飞行安全和空中秩序正规。

严格无人机登记与“持证购买”制度。从出厂到出售,为每架无人机办理“身份证”,实施“一机一证”制度。积极完善无人机技术研发、制造、销售、培训和驾驶员的准入监管,要求相关人员必须熟知监管框架和飞行规则。

运用技术手段对无人机飞行进行监管。如建立无人机及其配套产品市场准入机制,积极建设和完善无人机云平台,强制加装带有标准电子围栏的安全模块。通过大数据、云系统等对所有售出无人机的飞行数据进行实时监测,实现无人机与军民航空管系统、公安等部门的信息交换,并实时采取地理围栏设置、警示、禁区告警等监管策略。

此外,各部队要加强无人机“黑飞”临空的处置能力训练,用好用足法律赋予的职权,有效防范、控制无人机飞行可能带来的安全隐患。

责任编辑:周晶晶 CN032
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