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北京今年最重霾里有致命成分?数据告诉你到底有啥

2016-12-21 22:32:26   中国天气网

北京霾和伦敦烟雾一样吗?有致命成分?

就在北京空气质量持续恶化之时,网络谣言也开始流传。针对网上流传的硫酸铵会致命,张养梅表示这是不可能的。空气质量好时,空气中也存在有机气溶胶、硫酸盐等颗粒,只是浓度较低、颗粒物较小。霾天气时,仪器不会观测到硫酸铵,观测到的是硫酸、铵两个离子,他们结合成硫酸铵的可能性很大,空气重污染时浓度更高一些。空气中含有硫酸铵并不是政府发布红色预警的必要条件。

硫酸铵是颗粒物,和二氧化硫气体有明显区别,颗粒物对人体健康的影响程度没有气体迅速。如果空气中二氧化硫气体浓度很高的话,相当于人在“吸毒气”,对人体有致命影响。当年的伦敦烟雾在短短几天内造成数千人死亡,就是因为空气中酸性气体浓度太高。监测显示,12月5日以来,北京硫酸盐的浓度峰值出现在20日,达40-50微克/立方米,远远低于伦敦烟雾事件时的浓度。

当然,硫酸铵等颗粒物也会影响人体健康。它们会随着呼吸进入人体肺部,引发心脑血管和呼吸道的疾病。另外,北京的空气污染物中,含有一定比例的铵,会和硫酸、硝酸发生中和形成颗粒,和酸性气体相比,颗粒的危害性相对轻一些。

污染物浓度日间变化明显夜间高白天低

分析还表明,空气中各种污染物的浓度整体呈现白天低、夜间高的变化规律。分析时,将12月5日至20日每天同一时次颗粒浓度做分类平均统计,显示颗粒物夜间浓度明显偏高,白天下降明显。

各类颗粒的浓度白天下降明显,夜间明显上升。

张养梅表示,浓度变化主要受排放量和气象条件两个因素影响。在排放量相同的情况下,从气象条件来说,夜间湿度增大,可以吸附更多污染物。同时,冬季夜间气温较低,大气边界层下压。在气体容量不变的情况下,体积变小,空气污染物浓度升高。白天,大气边界层抬升,体积增大,污染物浓度降低。

和2008年相比硫酸盐浓度下降

2016年12月和2008年冬季相比,硫酸盐(深橙色曲线)所占比重排位下降,硝酸盐(蓝色)排位上升。

总体来说,和之前相比,北京空气中的颗粒种类的浓度分布排位没有太大变化,有机气溶胶的浓度一直是最大。但是分析显示,今年12月和2008年1月相比,硫酸盐在不同颗粒物比重的排位下降。

从图中可见,今年12月5日至20日,硝酸盐(蓝色)在颗粒物组成中浓度上升,基本都排在第二位,硫酸盐下降排在第三位;而2008年1月5日至2月2日,硫酸盐浓度排第二位,硝酸盐排第三位。张养梅表示,这一数据的变化也可以说明,政府对二氧化硫排放的监管和控制,比如煤改气措施、工厂加装脱硫设备等发挥了作用。硝酸盐浓度的上升,则与燃煤、机动车排放增加有一定关系。

北京的雾霾将在明天减弱消散,但在近几年中,霾仍将在秋冬季反复出现。张养梅提醒大家,虽然霾天气对人体的危害没有那么“激烈”,但仍需防护,尽量减少在户外活动的时间,外出时戴口罩。在室内时,也可启动空气净化器等设备,营造相对安全的空气环境。

责任编辑:穆启春 CN063
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