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张献忠金印被卖800万 “千船沉银”谜题或得解(图)

2016-10-15 05:22:29   华西都市报

“这次被追回的文物,经专家鉴定,有100件系国家珍贵文物,其中很多都与张献忠有关,更加佐证了江口是张献忠沉银中心区域之一。”吴天文说。

十一年前,江口埋有张献忠财宝的消息不胫而走后,不少不法分子开始乱挖乱采,盗掘、贩卖文物情况十分严重。“开展抢救性发掘迫在眉睫!”专家还共同呼吁,尽快立项,进行抢救性发掘。

“目前已有的水下技术,具备发掘条件。”国家文物局水下文化遗产保护中心副研究员周春水,也是致远舰考古项目领队。“建议先围堰,再发掘。”周春水说,“从现场情况来看,这个项目要比致远舰简单得多,立项成功后,围堰一个月左右就可以完成,可操作性强。”

四川省文物考古研究院专家也有这样的设想:文物基本处于河道内两条沙石埂之间,可以在冬天的枯水季节,利用已有的沙石埂,营造围堰,进行科学的发掘。

“江口沉银”

三大谜题或将被解开

1 金银财宝为何沉入彭山江口?

巴蜀文化专家、《张献忠传论》作者袁庭栋说,历史上关于张献忠沉银,主要有两种说法。一说张献忠故意将宝藏埋藏在江底,以掩人耳目。二说其在彭山江口被杨展战败,船只所载宝物沉入江底。

袁庭栋说,张献忠作为流寇,一路杀烧抢掠,并靠沿路所夺,作为后勤储备,因此将财宝主动埋入江中,可能性不大。

袁庭栋认为,张献忠战败后,财宝落入江中一说更为可信。“彭山江口是川西地区最大的渡口,也是历代水战主要战场,最后一次水战,就是张献忠大战杨展。”

2 沉入江中宝物到底有多少?

据《蜀碧》载:“(张)献忠闻(杨)展兵势甚盛,大惧,率兵10数万,装金宝数千艘,顺流东下,与展决战。”相传1646年,张献忠的部将刘进像吴三桂一样弃关,把清兵引进了四川,张献忠见势不妙,决定弃都,“携历年所抢”的千船金银财宝率部10万向川西突围。但转移途中猝遇地主武装杨展,张献忠的运宝船队被杨展大败,千船金银也在争战中沉入江底。

中国国家博物馆综合考古部主任杨林认为,千艘金银比较夸张,实际可能没有这么多。“几艘是有可能的,但也是海量的,个人比较肯定的是,还在江里的宝物,肯定比已经出土的多。”

3 抢救性发掘能挖出什么?

中国人民大学教授、明史学会常务副会长毛佩琦认为,“沉银”远不止财富意义。“从目前出水的‘江口沉银’实物来看,涉及了明末清初广阔的社会层面。”毛佩琦说,“沉银”面目的揭开,有助于了解张献忠的行军路线、征饷方式与地方官府的关系,乃至从一个侧面反映明末的社会经济、社会生活和经济制度等,具有重要意义。

“张献忠对于四川,有深远的影响。”四川大学教授、四川民俗学会会长江玉祥认为,相比于文物价值,彭山江口抢救性发掘,对于四川历史的重要意义,同样不言而喻。

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