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“用工荒”严重 日本失业率降至1992年来新低

2019-02-03 07:07:00    新华网

日本总务省1日发布的一份报告显示,日本2018年平均失业率为2.4%,比上一年下降0.4个百分点,是1992年以来最低水平。

分析人士说,日本失业率低的主要原因是人口老龄化、少子化导致适龄劳动人口减少,劳动力市场供小于求。

【刷新纪录】

报告显示,日本失业人口连续第九年减少,2018年同比减少24万,减至166万人。日本去年新增134万个就业岗位,使总就业人口达6664万人,创下1953年有记录以来的最高水平。其中,老年人和女性就业人数增长显著,女性达到创纪录的2946万人。

一名总务省官员告诉共同社记者,大量新增的兼职工作岗位由老年人和女性占据,旅馆业和饮食业新增岗位较多。

另外,日本15岁至64岁适龄劳动人口中,84.3%的男性和69.6%的女性有工作。

日本厚生劳动省1日发布的另一份报告显示,日本2018年平均有效求人倍率比上一年上升0.11点,达1.61倍,仅次于1973年,为有记录以来的第二高位。

有效求人倍率指劳动力市场需求人数与求职人数之比。这一数值超过1时,表明劳动力供不应求。2018年5月以来,日本这项数据一直维持在1.60倍以上,处于40多年来的高水平,表明日本劳动力短缺形势严峻。

厚生劳动省报告显示,从各都道府县看,东京求人倍率最高,为2.15倍;北海道垫底,为1.22倍。

【严重缺人】

厚生劳动省分析,求人倍率居高不下的原因是:一方面,日本经济持续温和复苏,企业用工意愿旺盛;另一方面,人口少子老龄化导致适龄劳动力减少。

日本国立社会保障和人口问题研究所数据显示,日本终生未婚率、即50岁以前没有结过婚的人口比例近年持续攀升。例如,男性终生未婚率2015年为23.37%,女性为14.06%。

为应对劳动力短缺,日本国会上月通过旨在扩大外国人才引进的新移民法案。新法案预计4月正式实施。

共同社报道,日本建筑、农业、医护等行业尤其面临“用工荒”,新法案预期将使更多外国劳动力进入这些行业。

共同社援引消息人士的话报道,日本政府估算,今后5年可能短缺130万至135万劳动力。新法案施行后,日本就业市场5年内可望补充26万至34万外国劳动力。

厚生劳动省1月25日发布的数据显示,截至2018年10月,在日外籍劳动者超过146万,同比增加14.2%,与10年前相比增加两倍。(王宏彬)(新华社专特稿)

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