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新研究:史前巨齿鲨灭绝或缘于超新星爆发

2018-12-30 12:35:00    新华网

新华社洛杉矶12月29日电(记者谭晶晶)距今约260万年前,一道奇异耀眼的光芒从宇宙深处抵达史前的地球天空,持续了数周或数月之久。这道神奇的天象是什么?对地球生态造成了什么影响?

美国堪萨斯大学一项最新研究认为,这道光芒源于距离地球大约150光年的一场超新星爆发,而其影响可能导致巨齿鲨等地球巨型海洋动物灭绝。论文近期发表在美国《天体生物学》杂志上。

超新星爆发是某些恒星在寿命接近末期时的一种剧烈爆炸。爆炸过程中突发的电磁辐射经常能够照亮其所在的整个星系,并可持续几周至几个月,然后逐渐衰退直至消失。一次超新星爆发辐射的能量可相当于太阳一生辐射的总和。

堪萨斯大学物理与天文学教授、论文主要作者阿德里安·梅洛特29日对新华社记者说,远古海底沉积物中铁-60同位素等物质的存在,为超新星爆发提供了“确凿”证据。除了超新星爆发外,没有其他方法在地球上自然产生铁-60同位素,对铁-60的研究能大致确定超新星的位置及爆发时间等信息。超新星爆发可能发生了不止一次。

梅洛特团队对这一课题进行了长达15年的研究。他们认为,一系列超新星爆发释放的能量足以穿透地球大气层,给史前巨型动物带来致命辐射。

据介绍,超新星爆发时,宇宙射线与地球大气层碰撞产生μ介子,其质量是电子的207倍,可以抵达海洋深处。少量介子对生物无害,但大量介子会使生物细胞发生变异甚至癌变。一次超新星爆发后,抵达地球的μ介子数量可增加数百倍。

“生物体越大,吸收的辐射越多,造成的伤害也越大。”梅洛特解释说,“据估算,一场超新星爆发产生的射线,可以使与人类体型相当的动物癌症发病率上升约50%。”

巨齿鲨的灭绝发生在约260万年前。研究推测,正是当时的一场超新星爆发辐射到地球大量μ介子,导致了巨齿鲨等巨型海洋动物的灭绝。

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