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中美研发纳米疫苗抗击甲流

2018-07-31 12:25:56    新华网

新华社华盛顿7月30日电(记者周舟)中国和美国研究人员联手研发出一种纳米颗粒流感疫苗,在小鼠实验中能够有效抵御甲型流感病毒。这种疫苗为研发通用流感疫苗等药物开启新的思路。

近期发表在美国《国家科学院学报》上的研究显示,这种颗粒由双层多肽组成,可模仿流感病毒发出生物信号,诱发双重免疫反应。

研究人员说,双层疫苗的核心由流感病毒核蛋白质中的多肽组成,这种多肽可诱发免疫T细胞反应,针对流感病毒产生交叉保护作用;纳米颗粒的外层由甲型流感病毒的M2蛋白胞外域的4种肽组成。在大部分人类季节性甲流病毒中,这种蛋白的胞外域是保守区域,有望成为未来研究通用流感疫苗的靶点。

论文作者之一、美国佐治亚州立大学生物医学研究所副教授汪宝忠说,这种纳米颗粒还可诱发B淋巴细胞产生免疫反应,与免疫T细胞产生协同作用。

研究显示,接种这种疫苗后,感染多种甲型流感病毒的小鼠完全存活,而接种安慰剂的小鼠均在一周内死亡。

研究人员认为,这种双层的多肽纳米颗粒的免疫效果更强且有效成分更稳定,也有望用于其他病原体或癌症疫苗研发。

多肽是蛋白质水解过程中的中间产物,比蛋白质小得多。汪宝忠对新华社记者说,就诱发T细胞免疫而言,一个抗原蛋白质中只有一小部分片段是有效的抗原决定簇,其他序列没有抗原性却有可能引起不良反应,而使用多肽可增加有效抗原决定簇的密度,且多肽容易自动化合成,无需复杂的蛋白表达和纯化过程。

在实验中,这种疫苗不是使用传统的肌肉注射方法接种,而是采用一种可溶性微针贴片,通过贴在皮肤上接种。研究人员说,这种给药方法能让药效更强且持续时间更长。

这项研究的参与者还包括美国佐治亚理工学院、埃默里大学和中国河南师范大学的研究人员。他们希望在已有研究的基础上,未来研发出药效更强、给药途径更佳的通用流感疫苗来抵御多种流感病毒。

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