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“全入时代”的日本高考改革

2018-07-11 16:06:01    中国网

【环球科技】

高考不仅是全社会高度关注的焦点问题,更是教育体制改革的关键环节。在教育发展还不能完全满足人们对优质高等教育资源迫切需求的当下,人们对大学招生录取制度的选拔功能和选拔机制关注度越来越高。这样的情况在邻国日本近年来却发生了些许的变化。根据日本文部科学省2018年最新统计结果,2017年日本高等教育毛入学率为80.6%,其中应届毕业生普通高等教育入学率为54.7%,高等职业技术教育入学率为21.5%,该年度应届高中毕业生的直接就业率为17.8%,基本实现了全部应届高中毕业生只要报考大学,基本上都有机会进入高等教育机构学习的“所有考生都能入大学”的“全入时代”。在“人人都能上大学”的高等教育普及化阶段,如何进行高考,成为日本高等教育改革的首要任务。

1、名牌大学竞争激烈

高等教育毛入学率是衡量教育发展水平的重要指标,当高等教育毛入学率在15%以下时为精英教育阶段,15%-50%为高等教育大众化阶段,50%以上为高等教育普及化阶段。进入21世纪,日本18岁人口的高等教育入学率超过了50%,实现了高等教育从大众化到普及化的转变,尤其是2010年以来,日本高等教育入学率一直保持在75%以上,最近3年更是稳定在80%以上,2017年日本高等教育入学率达到80.6%的历史新高,普通大学和短期大学(大专)报考人数的录取比例达到89.2%,另有173939人升入高等职业教育院校,日本名副其实地进入了高等教育入学选拔的“全入时代”。

日本大学(包括国、公、私立大学,短期大学、高等专门学校)的招生选拔具有相对宽松的自主裁量权。国立和公立大学一般采用国家考试中心举办的全国统一学科考试(一般称为大学考试中心统一考试)的相关学科考试成绩的总分,作为参加本校入学选拔二次考试资格分数线,经学校二次考试或面试后,由大学公布名单录取考生。虽然日本“高考”的总体录取率很高,但名牌大学的竞争依然十分激烈。

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