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擅长潜水 “海上吉卜赛人”基因与众不同

2018-04-21 07:26:06    新华网

巴瑶族生活在菲律宾、马来西亚和印度尼西亚之间海域,以潜水能力惊人著称,又称“海上吉卜赛人”。美国研究人员发现,巴瑶人可能发展出适应潜水的专门基因,导致他们的脾脏比普通人大50%。

巴瑶族被认为是最后一个海上游牧民族,工作日60%的时间在水下捕鱼或采集海参、贝类。巴瑶渔人都是潜水好手,只佩戴一个木制面罩、带几块铅块,就可以自由潜入海平面以下70米处,一口气能在水下滞留13分钟。

“其他人无法与他们相比,只有水獭与此相近,”美国遗传学者梅丽萨·伊拉尔多说。震惊于巴瑶人超常的潜水能力,伊拉尔多试图从遗传学角度寻找答案,把相关研究作为自己的博士论文选题。

她与印度尼西亚一支巴瑶部落共同生活几个月,采集他们的DNA样本,为他们做B超,结果发现,与生活在附近的萨卢安人相比,巴瑶人的脾脏大50%。脾脏为人体过滤掉衰老细胞、支持免疫系统工作。当人憋气时,脾脏成为富含氧气红血球的“水库”,为身体提供氧气,允许闭气更长时间。对海豹的研究显示,较大的脾脏或与较长潜水时间相关。

然而,B超显示,即使不潜水的巴瑶人脾脏也比普通人大。伊拉尔多于是从基因层面寻找答案,发现与萨卢安人和马来西亚华人相比,巴瑶人的基因有25处显著不同。其中编号PDE10A的基因变异或许决定了巴瑶人的脾脏大小。小鼠实验显示,PDE10A影响甲状腺激素分泌,进而决定了脾脏的大小。

伊拉尔多带领的研究团队在美国《细胞》双周刊上发表文章指出:“巴瑶人或许进化出了体积特别的脾脏,适合长时间、高频潜水。”自由潜水是一种非常危险的活动,即使受过专门训练的自由潜水员也可能在下潜浮出过程中失去知觉,导致溺亡。伊拉尔多说,如果这种情况数千年来一直出现,那么存活下来的人就携带着有利于潜水的基因。(袁原)【新华社微特稿】

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