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微塑料,海洋中的新型污染物

2018-04-13 08:01:04    新华网

最近,一篇关于英国女王向塑料宣战的文章在“朋友圈”刷屏,据说白金汉宫等王室房产内将禁用抛弃式塑料吸管和塑料瓶。这一新闻再次引发了人们对海洋塑料污染问题的关切。

塑料垃圾是海洋不能承受之重。据统计,全球每年有1000万—2000万吨的塑料垃圾进入海洋,随时间的流逝破碎成不计其数的微塑料存在于水体中,能够存在数百年时间。

微塑料,指粒径小于5毫米的塑料个体。如今,微塑料的分布区域已遍及地球各个角落,从近岸河口区域到大洋,从赤道海域到南北极,从海洋的表层到大洋的超深渊带,人类都发现了它的踪迹。根据来源,微塑料可分为两类:一类是初生微塑料,其成品就是微塑料粒,例如日化用品中含有的微塑料及塑料微珠在运输过程中泄露进入环境;另一类是次生微塑料,也就是体积较大的塑料垃圾进入自然环境后,经光照、物理、化学及生物降解作用,碎片化形成的微塑料。

海洋微塑料极易被生物当作饵料而误食。这是由于其与海洋食物链底端生物处于相同的尺寸范围,而且表面可以附着微生物和其它海洋生物。在食物网的流动过程中,对生物产生物理和化学上的危害。例如,无法被消化也不容易排出体外的微塑料,在海洋生物的消化道中长期累积,会使生物产生饱腹感,导致营养不良甚至因无法摄食而死亡;微塑料自身的化学毒性以及从环境中吸附的化学毒物,可能会对摄食的生物产生直接伤害,并且可能在食物链中的各个水平生物体内富集。

微塑料还可能造成入侵物种及病原微生物的传播。在海洋环境中的微塑料就像一艘乘风破浪的小船,相对于漂浮的藻类和其它生物残骸等自然基质,它的性质更加稳定,能搭载附着在表面的微生物随洋流旅行,其中包含的部分有害微藻和水产致病菌,可能对海洋生态系统产生影响。

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