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当默克尔与普京相遇,用的德语还是俄语?

2017-09-25 07:16:54   新华网

2013年底爆发乌克兰危机,默克尔始终坚持通过外交和政治途径解决危机。她与普京为此通了几十通电话,见面会谈多次。只是,德俄立场相距太大,难以弥合。在普京看来,欧盟东扩竟想囊括近在俄罗斯门口、且与之有着深厚历史渊源的乌克兰,实在欺人太甚。

媒体报道,2014年11月澳大利亚布里斯班G20峰会期间,默克尔和普京就乌克兰问题单独会谈了近4个小时。两人语言沟通无碍,没有翻译在旁,却最终不欢而散。一向冷静的默克尔出来时“一脸愠怒”,对普京毫不让步十分不满。

  【靠不近,离不开】

克里米亚并入俄罗斯后,欧盟启动对俄制裁,最近又一次延长制裁时间到2018年3月中旬。

上海外国语大学中德人文交流研究中心副主任毛小红说,默克尔的对俄立场很明确,就是希望俄罗斯遵守德、俄、法、乌四方在2015年2月达成的明斯克协议。目前乌克兰东部冲突并无缓解迹象。乌克兰东部民间武装闹独立,提出建立“小俄罗斯国”。德国认为俄罗斯没能遵守协议,仍在军事干涉乌内部冲突。从这个角度来看,俄德关系短期内修复的可能性不大。

自欧盟对俄实施制裁以来,德俄双边贸易一度持续走低,俄罗斯所受影响更大。不过,今年上半年,德国企业的俄罗斯业务增长明显。2017年1月至5月,德国对俄出口额比去年同期增长28.49%,两国贸易往来比去年同期猛增32%。

德俄关系转圜也许还有赖美国“助攻”。特朗普上台后,美国新一轮对俄制裁十分严厉,直接影响欧盟对俄投资企业的利益。尤其在能源领域,德国已宣布放弃核能开发,对俄罗斯的天然气需求大大增加。美国的制裁让投资俄-欧天然气管道建设项目的德国企业受损,而美国自己的小算盘是扩大美国页岩气的海外市场。

德国和欧盟对于特朗普政府种种“美国优先”的做法非常不满,公然呛声。特朗普退出欧盟积极促成的减缓气候变化《巴黎协定》,又不断明示暗示美国通过北约机制对欧盟提供安全保护“亏了”。默克尔多次告诫欧盟:不能指望美国,欧盟得靠自己前行了。德国政府或许会从德国切身利益出发,对俄做出一定让步。

这次德国大选,有望进入议会的各大政党都在竞选纲领中摆明对俄立场。默克尔领导的联盟党呼吁俄罗斯遵守明斯克协议,但强调欢迎继续对话。社民党主张只要俄罗斯肯逐步兑现协议中的承诺,可逐步松绑对俄制裁。自民党和绿党对俄指责更多、更加强硬。

表面上最“亲俄”的却是极右翼的德国选择党,其竞选纲领呼吁取消对俄制裁,加强对俄经贸合作。今年8月,该党还组织过“俄罗斯日”活动,主要是为了迎合德国境内约300万原德裔俄罗斯人及其后代选民。这些人本是联盟党的铁杆粉丝,但他们作为“半个外来者”,对默克尔大量接收难民的政策极为不满,纷纷转投排外立场的选择党。

毛小红分析,与俄关系能否较快缓解,取决于大选后组阁方式。如无意外,默克尔的联盟党仍是议会第一大党。一个可能是联盟党与社民党再次组成“大联盟”,那么有望在前社民党总理施罗德等人推动下使德俄关系趋向缓和;如果联盟党选择与自民党、绿党组阁,德俄关系恐怕还会僵持一段时间。

可以肯定的是,如果默克尔继续在台上,德俄对话通道不会关闭。默克尔与普京或许“个性不合”,但双方都是精明的领导人。即使2014年乌克兰危机闹得最凶的时候,默克尔也说过这话:“我们知道,欧洲中长期的安全只能通过和俄罗斯一起努力才能得到保障。”(沈敏)(新华社专特稿)

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