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刷新我们的僵化认知 日本人眼中的《二十二》

2017-09-24 08:16:51   新华网

  战争事实与真相在日本文艺作品中的缺席

老奶奶们不善言辞,在复杂的现实社会中坚强活下去的姿态,向观众们提出一个超越国界的问题——你想到了什么?如何面对这些处于人们关心之外的老年慰安妇们“现在”的“日常”生活,其中蕴含着因历史问题存在分歧而陷入混沌的东亚地区开启一个新时代的可能性。但是,与给人启发的《二十二》相比,日本同类文艺作品则令人感到非常不安。

在日本,战争的教训不与“现在”相关联,仅被看做是“过去”的问题,这种倾向也反映在艺术作品中。上世纪90年代以后,日军性暴力受害者问题在日本社会成为引发人们争论的话题,但却几乎没有把受害女性现状作为主题进行创作的电影和文学作品,仅有的几部也是在韩国拍摄、上映的电影,或是在深夜播放的电视纪录片。

在日本,与战争相关的电影和文学作品不少。这些文艺作品大都以讲述日本民众因原子弹爆炸、日本城市遭到轰炸而受到的伤害,以及日本人在疏散地历经苦难、从中国撤回日本途中遭遇的磨难等为中心。日本人在二战期间遭遇原子弹打击确是事实,但文艺作品中却没有提及日本在遭受伤害之前,首先给亚洲各国人民带来了怎样巨大深重的战争苦难。

文艺作品传承文化,对一个国家而言非常重要。然而在日本,越来越多战争题材的文艺作品将在战争中牺牲的人、在战后重建中勤奋工作的人作为楷模进行歌颂。例如,神风特攻队员、从事零式战斗机研制的员工等,他们成为文艺作品的关注焦点。这些作品强调和美化日本人在战争期间和战后重建过程中所表现出的勤奋与坚韧,并以此来肯定今天的日本人形象,却吝于承认日本作为战争发动者犯下的罪行,以及日本民众也曾主动参与战争的历史真相。这类文艺作品无法令人意识到日本是战争的发起国,无法令人看到日本发动的战争全貌,这些作品不将中国受害者是如何产生,他们在战争期间以及战后的境遇,以及中国受害者的感情作为重点加以表现,实在不足为奇。

这并非是文艺作品具有的独特现象。50年代,在中国抚顺和太原战犯管理所收容的日本战犯们通过学习,直面自己在战争中的所作所为,接受教育改造之后,积极承认战争责任。十几年来,笔者一直对他们进行跟踪采访调查。他们一边坦率讲述屠杀抗日人士的事实,一边进行自我反省。然而,即便是他们,也很少有人讲出自己曾在扫荡过程中所犯下的强奸、轮奸等罪行。

一位二战期间的陆军军医,在战后很长一段时间内,一直都在证言中承认自己犯下活体解剖这样的残忍罪行。但直到90年代,他还一直认为“从军慰安妇”就是妓女。由此可见,虽然日本战犯已进行了一定程度的反省,但是对日军慰安妇的“现在”状态加以思考,并进一步认识受害者与自己的关系,仍然还有很长的路要走。

作为纪录片,《二十二》解放了我们被束缚的想象力,让我们对僵化现实的认识焕然一新。只有以“慰安妇”为主题的文艺作品在日本不断被创作出来,日本民众能够不仅意识到战争带给自己的创伤,也能够意识到日本对中国乃至亚洲地区带来的苦难之时,日本社会和这些慰安妇们的关系才能首次抵达一个新的地平线。

(作者石田隆至,为日本明治学院大学国际和平研究所研究员,记者刘军国译)

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