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分手的烦恼 留不留单一市场?英国还是很分裂

2017-09-12 06:57:24   新华网

奥格雷迪将主张:留在欧洲单一市场,享有欧盟内免关税贸易,长期而言对英国工人是最佳方案。否则,英国工人将失去欧盟法律对劳工权益的保护,使“血汗工厂”重现英国。

不过,全国铁路、海路与公路运输工会(RMT)却认为,留在单一市场将使英国被迫接受如铁路私有化、允许雇用廉价劳工等政策,使英国工人利益受损。这一工会团体的总书记米克·卡什说,不退出单一市场,“我们的命运还会让那些没经过选举的布鲁塞尔(欧盟)官僚们牢牢掌控在手里”。

作为欧洲单一市场成员,英国在享有与欧盟各国贸易免关税待遇同时,必须遵守“欧盟范围内货物、服务、资金与人员的自由流动”原则,意味着英国不能阻止欧盟成员国公民进入英国工作、居住,也不能自行与其他国家达成贸易协定。“夺回自主权”是促成英国选择“脱欧”的主要动机之一。单一市场也志在移除各种非关税壁垒,因此欧盟实施统一的产品包装、生产安全和质量标准规范。

爱尔兰外交与贸易部长西蒙·科文尼10日在英国参加一场会议时,也劝说英国政府考虑继续留在欧洲关税同盟内。

特雷莎·梅曾说,英国既然想拿回贸易自主权,就不能留在关税同盟。她希望与欧盟达成某种“关税协议”,通过技术手段实现“脱欧”后“尽可能无摩擦”的对欧贸易,比如给予英国北爱尔兰地区小企业免税待遇,使之与爱尔兰的跨境贸易顺畅进行。但科文尼表示,这种安排似乎与欧洲单一市场的“整体性”无法兼容。

  【“分手”的代价还是要付】

英国企业界一向对“脱欧”后的安排忧心忡忡。英国智库“政府研究所”11日发表的一份报告显示,若“脱欧”后重设海关报税机制,将使贸易企业每年增加至少40亿英镑(约合52.8亿美元)的成本。

这份报告题为《“脱欧”实施中:海关》,指出目前英国共有18万家贸易商仅在欧盟范围内做生意。按英国政府估算,“脱欧”后海关一年将多处理2亿份报税单,每次报税需花费20至45英镑不等,一年下来成本总计将达40亿至90亿英镑。

报告向政府建议:不在实体边界设海关报税机构;保留对欧盟主要电脑系统的进入权限;与私营行业建立合作机制,协助适应“脱欧”后变化。它还指出,政府必须确保港口运营方、货运企业和地方政府等相关方都做好应变准备,并与欧盟的贸易伙伴协调好,确保供应链不受严重扰乱。

“过去政府层面有任何变动,他们会有几年适应期,如今他们只有不到20个月的时间做准备,而且还不清楚准备迎接的是什么。变革要成功,取决于这些机构是否准备好(迎接变革),”报告说。

陈琦告诉新华社记者,对英国来说,最好的结果当然是“既享受优惠条件又不承担义务”,但这样的要求,欧盟想必不会答应,因为不排除其他欧盟成员国会效仿英国,发生连锁反应,甚至导致欧盟解体。

陈琦认为,目前英国手中的谈判筹码不是很多,从“脱欧”谈判进程看,英国也居于下风。如果英国想继续享受关税优惠,在“分手费”和未来欧盟市场“进场费”问题上,估计会在最后向欧盟让步。(沈敏)(新华社专特稿)

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