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特稿:政治怪象凸显欧洲民主之困

2017-09-10 10:16:38   新华网

 民主优越感不合时宜

欧洲国家的政治怪象,无疑与选民的现实生活息息相关。传统就业机会的消失、赋税的加重、外来移民的增多以及恐袭事件迭起等诸多因素,导致他们对政府不满。从更深的层次看,这种怪象呈现的是一种西方民主政治的代表性危机。

首先,普通民众对主流政党越来越失望,认为传统政党没有代表自己的利益。“另类”政党、“另类”政治越来越有吸引力。法国《世界报》去年底公布的一项民调显示,57%的受访法国人认为民主制度在法国运行“糟糕”,77%认为民主制度在法国运行“越来越差”。令法国人有这一感觉的首要原因是“民意代表腐败太普遍”,其他原因还包括“虽然有选举,但什么也没改变”、“社会治安太差”、“民众的诉求没有被考虑”、“民意代表未能很好代表民众”等。

其次,欧洲民主制度看似很公平,但由于投票率低,其结果反而暴露出制度设计的问题。以英国公投为例,赞成“脱欧”的人数只占有资格投票人数的37.8%。哈佛大学教授肯尼思·罗戈夫认为,“脱欧”的条件低得离奇,只需简单多数人同意,“少数人”即可绑架多数人的意愿,这场“脱欧公投”暴露出英国民主的缺陷。

更有学者从主导欧洲政治的层面来寻找欧洲民众不满的根源。法国经济学家让·加德雷认为,“寡头政治、经济、金融集团制定出的那些政策造成了现在的危机,当前的制度并没有真正达到民主所希望的吸纳大多数人和告知大多数人的效果”。

实际上,对西方民主制度的反思由来已久,当今西方社会面临多重危机叠加,使得这种质疑得以加深和广泛化。法国知名国际问题专家戴维·戈塞(中文名高大伟)表示,从社会治理角度来讲,西方国家的民主制度有很大的问题,“但我们陷入了一个陷阱,那就是我们(西方人)认为我们的制度是‘最完美的制度’,是不可替代的”。

然而,在欧洲民主体制的怪象面前,欧洲人的这种民主优越感已经大不如以前。法国《世界报》民调显示,32%的受访法国人认为其他制度能够和民主制度一样好。(参与记者:应强、韩冰、桂涛、任珂)

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