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美日战略关系的表层、中层和底层

2017-09-07 09:57:30   新华网

日本之所以把对中国的侵略一直叫做“事变”,而不是由日本天皇发布“宣战诏书”,是因为顾忌美国。日本的石油和大量制造武器的原材料均依赖从美国进口,而美国的“中立法”禁止向战争当事国出口战略物资。如果日本对华宣战,美国就可能动用“中立法”,断绝对日本的战略物资供应。

也就是说,在中国面临日本的残酷侵略的时候,美国的远东政策是“借刀杀人”。一方面怂恿日本与苏联和中国为敌,镇压远东的大、小布尔什维克,一方面避免日美冲突。直至1940年10月,美国才宣布全面禁止向日本输出废旧钢铁和铁屑,实施经济制裁。当时日本的年钢产量是350万吨,而中国只有5万吨。我们无法知道有多少美国输送给日本的铁屑,变成了射向中国抗战军民的子弹。而美国之所以改变对日政策,时任国务卿赫尔在回忆录中说得非常明白:“我们认为,日本扩张主义的野心最终将对美国构成安全威胁。”

由于中国军民浴血顽强地抵抗,侵华日军陷入与中国持久作战的泥潭。为了打破战争僵局,日本蓄意发起太平洋战争,将战争矛头直指美国夏威夷的珍珠港。虽然此次突袭的总指挥、日本联合舰队司令长官山本五十六明知开战之日即日本覆灭之时,但日本军国主义的战车已经失去了刹车阀。

1941年11月26日,日本突袭舰队驶向珍珠港。12月7日凌晨,日本350架战机从航母上起飞,和海军战舰一起对珍珠港展开了狂风暴雨式的偷袭,美军遭受前所未有的损失:8艘战舰被击沉、188架飞机被击毁、人员死伤3500人。美国对日本侵略扩张采取的“绥靖”政策,终于结出了令自己瞠目结舌的“硕果”。

12月7日下午2时,美国国务卿赫尔得到日本突袭珍珠港的消息。2时20分,日本对珍珠港正进行狂轰滥炸,日本驻美外交人员野村前来递交日本政府的“最后通牒”,赫尔对野村说:“在50年的公职生涯中,我还从未见过如此充满虚伪的文件。”至此,太平洋战争全面爆发。

1943年11月22日~26日,美、英、中三国首脑在埃及开罗举行会议并发表《开罗宣言》,明确反法西斯阵营将以促使“日本无条件投降”为共同目标。1945年7月26日,美、英、中三国发表以“如果日本不投降,就给予毁灭性打击”为主题的《波茨坦公告》。日本拒绝《波茨坦公告》,美国遂决定按照既定方针使用原子弹,彻底摧毁日本的抵抗意志。

1945年8月6日上午8时15分,B-29型战略轰炸机在广岛上空1万米高度投下代号“胖墩”的铀原子弹,造成14万人死亡(正负误差1万人)。日本仍然拒绝投降。8月9日上午11时,美国向长崎投下代号为“小男孩”的钚原子弹,造成7万人死亡(正负误差1万人)。日本随即表示接受《波茨坦公告》。8月15日上午,日本裕仁天皇通过广播发布《终战诏书》。

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