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天灾更是人祸——休斯敦洪灾的城市发展反思

2017-09-03 17:05:51   新华网

同时,休斯敦所在的得克萨斯州是美国对建筑标准、建筑检查和其他防护措施要求最松的州之一,也是整个大西洋和墨西哥湾沿岸各州中,少见的没有强制性统一建筑条例的州。

没有统一规划,也没有统一标准,休斯敦的城市发展在利益集团的驱动下“野蛮生长”。房地产商甚至铤而走险在泄洪道开发地产项目。虽然当地政府在2006年出台法律禁止这一做法,但在开发商的大力游说下,休斯敦市议会在2008年通过法案,有条件同意开发商在泄洪道兴建房屋。

休斯敦曾有“河湾之城”的美誉,因为这一地区曾有大量水草丰茂的河沼和湿地,可以在洪水来临之际宛如海绵一般发挥巨大的吸水作用。但城市的快速扩张改变了这一原生地貌,大量沼泽被排干,草地被改造成道路和停车场。

有媒体在反思洪灾时指出,休斯敦的理念是,发展第一,出问题再说。这座由房地产开发商建立的城市,迄今仍为地产开发的巨大利益所支配。

美国赖斯大学土木与环境工程教授菲尔·贝迪恩特说,人们早就知道该如何避免水患,但这会导致房地产开发成本上升。

  自由放任理念的生态之灾

专家们普遍认为,有效的区域规划有助于提升休斯敦的抗洪能力。“不过这在得州行不通。”马里兰大学知名水利政策专家杰拉德·加洛韦如此感叹。

执掌哈里斯县防洪部门长达35年之久的迈克尔·塔尔博特去年退休前还在坚称,城市发展并没有增加洪水风险。他批评科学家们要求限制城市扩张、提升城市蓄水能力的建议是“反对发展”。

为治理水患,休斯敦曾于2010年出台法案征收“排水费”。不过这笔一年仅1亿美元的专项收费却迄今仍未落实,因为数场旷日持久的诉讼令这一增加居民税负、强化政府角色的收费迟迟无法推进。

规划可能导致城市发展速度受限,强化监管可能导致房地产成本升高,休斯敦的城市发展指导思想是自由放任的经济理念。这一理念笃信市场力量可以解决一切问题,对政府干预永远心存警惕。

然而,当这样的经济理念为商业利益所左右时,则日趋演变成最大化攫取利润、罔顾发展成本的短视行为。休斯敦在成为美国发展最快城市之一的同时,也成为美国遭遇水灾最频繁的城市。无休无止的内涝成为这座城市为它的发展奇迹所付出的代价。

“没有边界的城市”,休斯敦的这番自诩之词也可以翻译为“无法无天的城市”。此次“哈维”来袭,让信奉没有发展边界的休斯敦触碰到了人与自然关系的边界。虽然一些专家和媒体已经在反思,但要从根本上改变休斯敦的发展理念,恐怕仍非易事。

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