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即便有这么好的基础,但澳近来还是有些“三心两意”。特朗普政府对外政策、中国的未来走向、英国“脱欧”、欧洲极右翼抬头、国际冲突爆发点增多等因素,让澳大利亚深感未来的“不确定性”。特恩布尔之所以挑头来教中国“守规矩”,既是受到“不确定性”带来的忧虑感的影响,也是澳试图在亚太力量格局变迁中维持自身地位。
首先,特朗普政府的亚太战略让澳大利亚担心自身战略地位贬值。特朗普上台后,退出了TPP,中止“再平衡战略”,对盟友在安全上的贡献提出苛刻要求,他在经济、政治、安全领域的“任性”让澳措手不及,甚至陷入某种程度的战略态势认知慌乱。再加上这半年里,美国亚太安全几乎都聚焦在朝鲜半岛上,而日本在军事上配合美国的动作越来越大,在美国地区安全架构中的地位作用正迅速提升,这让澳大利亚感到美国对澳的重视程度明显下降。离开了美国的支持,澳的地位容易被边缘化。因此,特恩布尔的讲话可以说是要展示高度“政治正确性”,与美国、日本等盟国保持一致,以此刷出“存在感”。
其次,中美关系当前的积极探索磨合进程让澳担心被美国“越顶”。澳大利亚学者休·怀特分析过这种心理,认为“澳大利亚有一种危机感,那就是即便在有盟友承诺保障其安全的情况下,澳大利亚依然担心在关键时刻会被盟友抛弃”。在特朗普和习近平会晤之后,释放出不少中美关系积极信号。尽管中美关系稳定能让澳享受“红利”,但是由于澳在南海、东海等问题上一直为美“站台”,如特朗普在对华问题上减缓压力,那么将让澳大利亚处于尴尬的境地。毕竟,中美大国关系博弈的战略分量,远远高于澳大利亚在中美间的地位,而从历史上看,美国对自己的盟国搞“越顶外交”也是颇有心得。
最后,南海局势的缓和迹象让澳大利亚担心失去战略发力点。澳一直没有放弃搅浑南海的企图,特别是在所谓“仲裁法案”出台后,澳屡屡高调喊话中国遵守国际规则。不过,近来南海局势已明显降温,中国与菲律宾、越南等矛盾最尖锐的国家间展开了高层会晤、交流对话、多领域合作等积极的一面。特别是5月18日,中国与东盟国家落实《南海各方行为宣言》第14次高官会在贵阳举行,标志着中国东盟高官提前实现在今年上半年完成磋商的目标。倘若南海实现风平浪静,意味着美澳等煽动地区国家抗衡中国的企图的破产,中国也将赢得更大影响力,而澳大利亚就将失去凸显本国地位和作用的战略发力点。
保持自信,常态应对
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