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新华社评美国大选:制度导致党争 还是党争腐化了制度

2016-11-05 14:05:18   新华网

今年2月,奥巴马发表演讲承认,当前美国政治制度最严重的问题在于民主、共和两党的对立程度不断加深。他认为自己在总统任内为数不多的遗憾之一就是“没有能力改善政治的两党分化和自私自利现象”。

的确,且不说国家大事,为了一些鸡零狗碎的小事,驴象之间也会大打出手。今年5月,“跨性别”这个字眼,骤然成为美国党争的焦点词汇之一。围绕跨性别学生如何在学校上厕所,民主党掌控的联邦政府和共和党主政的“红州”相互诉讼,争吵不休。

在美国,政党的历史可以追溯至18世纪90年代。公民在宪法框架下参与国家政治生活的需要客观上推动了两党制在美国的发展。从联邦党-民主共和党时代,到民主党-辉格党时代,再到民主党-共和党时代,两党制在美国一直存在且处于主导地位。

与很多实行多党制的西方国家在选举中采取比例代表制不同,美国在选举中采取“单一代表选区相对多数制”。根据这种制度,获得一个选区相对多数选票的候选人方能胜选。这种以“赢者通吃”为核心原则的选举制度实际上将小党排斥在国家政治体系竞争之外。

两大政党为确保本党政治利益和体系稳定,通常利用主政地方之机,出台一系列涉及被选举人资格或选票列名的规定,以限制其他政党活动以及防止本党党员在党内选举落败后“出走”他党。这些规定,客观上也刺激了美国政治的两极化以及两党内部的极端化倾向。

立场激进的势力在2010年中期选举中异军突起。共和党极右派别“茶党”拿下40个众议院议席和5个参议院议席,成为当届国会阻碍立法、党争最凶的派别。本次总统选举中,共和党内“特朗普现象”和民主党内“桑德斯现象”其实很大程度上也是党内极端化的体现。

政治两极化和党内极端化是导致近年来党争愈演愈烈的直接原因。然而,需要看到,党争的根源在于“赢者通吃”的制度设计,在于“金钱政治”的深度渗透。同时,党争也在反作用于这个政治体系,导致“民有”“民治”“民享”的主体人民成为最大的受害者。

美国著名政治学者弗朗西斯·福山警告说,已经运行两百多年的美国政治体系如今出现了“机能性障碍”,政治极化日趋尖锐,制衡制沦为“否决制”。利益集团和游说团体对政治体系拥有过度影响,扭曲了民主进程,而他们“并不等于代表最高权力的美国人民”。

美国政治体系的“机能性障碍”并非一夜形成,解决起来也绝无可能一蹴而就。值得注意的是,在这次选举中,已经有越来越多的美国民众开始质疑曾经引以为傲的政治制度。而在一洋之隔的欧洲,“反建制”思潮同样波涛汹涌,猛烈冲击着精英阶层的政治治理。

看来,党争还要在大西洋两岸继续演绎下去,一幕幕新戏会次第上演。

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