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诺贝尔物理学奖的“拓扑相变和拓扑相物质”是个啥?

2016-10-04 19:24:09   科学网

David J. Thouless

F. Duncan M. Haldane

J. Michael Kosterlitz

原标题:2016年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓

北京时间10月4日下午5点45分,2016年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓,三位英美科学家David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane,J. Michael Kosterlitz获奖。获奖理由是“理论发现拓扑相变和拓扑相物质”。其中,David J. Thouless独享一半奖金,F. Duncan M. Haldane与J. Michael Kosterlitz分享另一半奖金。

David J. Thouless,1934年出生于英国贝尔斯登,1958年从美国康奈尔大学获得博士学位。目前为美国华盛顿大学荣誉退休教授。

F. Duncan M. Haldane,1951年出生于英国伦敦,1978年从英国剑桥大学获得博士学位。目前为美国普林斯顿大学物理学教授。

J. Michael Kosterlitz,1942年出生于英国阿伯丁,1969年从英国牛津大学获得博士学位。目前为美国布朗大学物理学教授。

他们揭示了奇异物质的秘密

今年的获奖者打开了一扇通往未知世界的大门,在那里,物质可以呈现出奇怪的状态。他们利用高等数学方法研究了物质的一些特殊相或状态,比如超导体、超流体和磁性薄膜等。感谢他们出色的工作,如今,人类对物质的新奇相态的研究正在展开,材料科学和电子学的未来应用前景充满希望。

这三位科学家大胆地将拓扑学概念应用到物理学,给他们后来的发现起到了决定性作用。拓扑学是数学的一个分支,通常用来描述一些逐步变化的性质。三位科学家采用拓扑学作为研究工具,这一举动在当时让同行感到吃惊。在上世纪70年代早期,当时的理论认为超导现象和超流体现象不可能在薄层中产生,而Michael Kosterlitz 和David Thouless推翻了这一理论。他们证明了超导现象能够在低温下产生,并阐释了超导现象在较高温度下也能产生的机制相变。

后来到了80年代,Thouless成功地解释了之前的一个实验,即超薄导电层中的电导系数可被精确测量到整数。他证明了这些整数在自然属性中处于拓扑状态。同时,Duncan Haldane发现,可以用拓扑学来理解某些材料中的小磁体链的性质。

现在,我们已经知道拓扑相有很多种,它们不仅存在于薄层和线状物,还存在于普通的三维材料中。过去十年里,这一领域的研究促进了凝聚态物理研究的前沿发展,人们不仅仅对拓扑材料能够在新一代电子器件和超导体中产生应用抱有希望,而且看好其在未来量子计算机方面的应用。此刻,许多研究人员仍在慢慢揭开奇异世界里物质的秘密,而这个奇异世界,是由今年的三位获奖者发现的。

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