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世卫组织:寨卡病毒地域扩散加剧 尚无有效疫苗

2016-09-09 05:45:02   北京日报

科学界仍存认知鸿沟

1947年,科学家首次在乌干达丛林中的恒河猴身上发现寨卡病毒。近70年过去了,尽管非洲和亚洲曾多次发现人类感染病例,科学界对寨卡病毒风险和传播方式的了解依然严重不足。

去年以来,寨卡疫情在巴西升级后,科学界首先试图确定寨卡病毒与小头症、格林-巴利综合征等神经系统病变的关系。世卫组织的最新表述为:孕期感染寨卡病毒是造成先天性脑发育异常(如小头症)的原因之一,寨卡病毒感染也是诱发格林-巴利综合征的一项因素。

世卫组织突发卫生事件规划部门负责人彼得·萨拉马补充说:“与科学界合作,我们了解到寨卡引发的后果不局限于新生儿小头症,其引发的并发症包括从视力、听觉并发症到癫痫,我们称之为寨卡先天综合征。”

基因测序显示,寨卡病毒存在亚洲型和非洲型两种毒株。亚洲型毒株于2007年最早在太平洋岛国被发现,在巴西等地引发小头症和其他神经系统病变的正是这种毒株。不过,几内亚比绍7月暴发的寨卡疫情由非洲型毒株引发,是否引发小头症风险尚不得而知。

寨卡病毒性传播的风险有多大?除埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊外,其它蚊子种类是否传播病毒?世卫组织也希望各方从多角度加强研究,了解寨卡病毒不同毒株的情况、病毒在人体留存的时间和部位、感染风险、传播方式、病毒可能引发的疾病和预防方法等问题,并评估有效的控蚊工具及其可行性。

控蚊与自我防护是关键

考虑到埃及伊蚊会传播登革热、黄热病、基孔肯亚热和寨卡病毒病,寨卡病毒病演变为下一个登革热或黄热病或许只是时间问题。

事实证明,寨卡病毒的传播也正遵循这一路径。2015年4月末巴西确诊首例寨卡病例以来,这种主要通过伊蚊叮咬传播给人类的病毒已蔓延至美洲大陆所有主要国家和地区。如今,不但蚊媒传播疾病重灾区的东南亚地区未能幸免,疫情也已波及至非洲的佛得角和几内亚比绍。

专家指出,考虑到全球近70个国家和地区暴发疫情,且80%的寨卡病毒感染者无显著症状,不可能通过入境筛查或入境监测发现所有输入性病例,疫情防控中通过发现输入性病例从而阻止本地传播具有一定难度。因此,加强本地控蚊力度,采取有效防蚊措施预防本地传播才是关键。

亚沙雷维奇表示,寨卡病毒与登革热病毒的一项区别在于,寨卡病毒可通过性行为实现人际传播,民众必须知晓这点,通过使用安全套或禁欲保护自己。由于寨卡病毒影响发育中的胚胎,因此孕妇是面对寨卡病毒最为脆弱的人群,知晓风险、使用驱蚊药剂与安全性行为对于她们十分重要。

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