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临时仲裁庭树立违反国际法坏典型——海洋争端解决国际法研讨会综述

2016-07-17 10:42:03   人民日报

台湾海洋大学教授高圣惕在会议期间接受本报记者采访时表示:“南海仲裁案所谓裁决是精心包装的实质划界行为。”高圣惕认为,尽管菲律宾口口声声说仲裁案不是为了划界,但事实上就是把有关划界的内容切割为几个部分,虽然每个部分单独来看都不等同于划界,但是加起来产生实际上海域划界的效果。

高圣惕认为,中国政府不接受、不参与仲裁是合理合法的,因为这一仲裁本身就是非法的,而且最后的裁决也是漏洞百出。菲律宾提出的诉求实质就是领土和海洋划界问题,根据《联合国海洋法公约》,临时仲裁庭根本没有管辖权,但最终却越权做出这样的所谓裁决,这也就解释了中国为什么从一开始就不参与仲裁。

武汉大学法学院教授易显河指出,临时仲裁庭的判决简单地忽略了许多重要论据,例如中国与东盟国家在2002年签署的《南海各方行为宣言》及众多双边协议,这些协议构成了双边谈判是解决争端唯一途径的共识,但这一点却没有被临时仲裁庭采纳。南沙群岛作为整体,拥有领海、专属经济区和大陆架,但仲裁庭却违背常理,将南沙群岛进行分割处理。

所谓裁决严重违反国际法

清华大学教授约翰·安东尼·卡蒂指出,临时仲裁庭的问题在于是否有权做出裁决。在审理和判决过程中,仲裁庭滥用《联合国海洋法公约》,实质上对南海的领土主权问题进行划界。许多国际法学家和律师都认为,这实质上是一场“法律游戏”。

英国外交部前副法律顾问克里斯·沃默斯利在会上表示,临时仲裁庭把岛礁的地位凌驾在主权问题之上,裁决结果无益于解决海洋争端的根本问题。

台湾东吴大学法学院国际法教授程家瑞认为,所谓裁决否认《南海各方行为宣言》和相关国家间协议,本身就是错误的。在岛礁地位问题上,国际法学界普遍认为太平岛是自然岛屿,而临时仲裁庭却在这一问题上荒唐地做出错误推断。

卡蒂也认为,对于岛礁的地位,临时仲裁庭罔顾《联合国海洋法公约》规定,越权提出评判标准,甚至荒唐地推定南沙群岛“无一能够产生延伸的海洋区域”。他提出质疑,“如果这样的话,那日本等国的一些无人岛礁,是否也适用这些评判标准呢?”

国际法院前法官阿卜杜勒·卡洛玛在接受本报记者采访时表示,南海仲裁案所谓裁决充满争议,在不少问题上与国际法自相矛盾。他在提到历史性权利时表示,历史性权利可以确认领土主权。

李适时表示,临时仲裁庭企图否定中国在南海的历史性权利和南沙群岛整体论,从而否定中国在南海的领土主权和海洋权益,这是完全错误的,也绝不可能得逞。他表示,所谓裁决在程序和实体两方面存在严重问题。从程序方面看,这项裁决既是越权裁判,又是侵权裁判。所谓裁决超越了仲裁庭的管辖权限,侵犯了缔约国自主选择争端解决方式的权利。从实体方面看,这项裁决是滥权裁决。临时仲裁庭滥用对国际法规则的解释权,错误解释历史性权利和大陆国家远海群岛规则的国际法依据,错误否定中国在南海的历史性权利,错误否定中国将南沙群岛作为整体主张的领土主权和海洋权利,错误否定作为南沙群岛一部分的太平岛拥有专属经济区和大陆架。

双边对话才是解决之道

临时仲裁庭所谓裁决出炉后,中国在白皮书中通过大量事实证明,中菲之间早已达成通过对话协商解决南海争端的协议,并重申中国愿意坚持通过谈判解决南海有关争议,这得到了与会者的积极评价。

卡蒂对本报记者表示,所谓仲裁结果对于解决南海问题丝毫没有意义,双边谈判才是解决南海问题的唯一有效途径。南海仲裁案在国际法学界树立了一个坏典型。仲裁员的工作是使用法律而非创造法律,但遗憾的是,这些仲裁员的所作所为恰恰相反,以至于在国际社会“失去了权威”。

阿卜杜勒·卡洛玛也认为,诉诸仲裁不是解决问题的好办法,只有双边磋商才能解决这类问题。

美国弗吉尼亚大学教授迈伦·诺德奎斯特在接受记者采访时表示,根据《联合国海洋法公约》第298条之规定,中国已经发表过排除声明,涉及海洋划界等争端排除适用仲裁等强制争端解决机制。中国有声明在先,因此当临时仲裁庭涉及这个问题时,中国当然会不高兴。裁决很糟糕,这是一个政治性的裁决,中国显然不会接受。

高圣惕认为,菲律宾把与中国的争议送到了不正确的地方,因为临时仲裁庭无法解决主权争端,只有双边谈判才能最终解决问题。德国波恩大学国际法专家斯特凡·塔尔蒙表示,由于临时仲裁庭对领土争端没有管辖权,因此也无助于南海领土争端的解决,临时仲裁庭的所谓裁决甚至会对问题的解决起到不利影响。

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