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小叶丹:与红军歃血为盟的彝族英雄

2019-01-25 11:32:00    新华网

新华社成都1月25日电(记者吴光于)冬日的寒风中,四川省凉山彝族自治州冕宁县彝海镇,有着浓郁民族风情的“结盟新寨”里升起袅袅炊烟。这里有光荣的历史——1935年5月22日,长征中的红军与彝族家支首领小叶丹在彝海畔歃血为盟,成为长征途中的传奇一幕。

小叶丹,生于1894年,是四川冕宁彝族果基家支有声望、有影响的首领。

1935年5月,中央红军渡过金沙江,摆脱了优势敌军的追堵拦截。为粉碎蒋介石围歼红军于大渡河以南的企图,中共中央决定继续北上,通过彝族区,抢渡大渡河。当时,从中央红军所在的泸沽到大渡河有两条路:一条是经越西的“官道”大路,另一条是穿过拖乌地区的密林小道。蒋介石判断红军只敢走大路而不敢走小路,在大路上布下重兵围追堵截。毛泽东看破了蒋介石的如意算盘,为了避开强敌尽早过河,决定走小路。

5月19日,中央红军派出以刘伯承为司令员、聂荣臻为政治委员、萧华为群众工作队长的先遣军,准备借道彝民区,抢先渡过大渡河。

5月20日,红军先遣队占领冕宁县后,立即释放了被扣押在城内“坐值换班”的彝族家支人质,并向他们宣传民族平等政策。获释的彝族同胞得到红军发给的食物衣物,回家后当了红军民族政策的宣传员。

“在冕宁待了一天后,先遣队到了大桥镇,老百姓告诉刘伯承,借道拖乌地区需要与果基家支的首领,也就是我爷爷小叶丹交涉。”小叶丹的孙子沈建国说,“随后,一位在冕宁开酒馆的汉人陈志喜自告奋勇来当中间人。”

5月22日,萧华与红军总部工作团团长冯文彬一道,由陈志喜带路,率领红一军团侦察连组成的工作团进入果基家支的领地。

“萧华告诉爷爷,刘伯承表示过,如有必要愿意与他结盟,并向爷爷再次讲了红军的民族政策。爷爷慢慢打消了顾虑,随后他把刘伯承请到彝海边见面。过去国民党把彝族不当人看,爷爷从刘伯承身上看到了尊重,觉得这个人也很可信,与他相见恨晚。”沈建国说。

“上有天,下有地,我刘伯承与小叶丹今天在海子边结义为兄弟,如有反复,天诛地灭。”“我果基约达今日与刘司令员结为兄弟,如有三心二意,同此鸡一样死去。”5月22日,彝海见证了红军长征史上伟大的一幕。结盟仪式按照彝族的风俗进行。虽然没有酒,毕摩(彝族重要仪式主持者)将一只大红公鸡的嘴角剖开,将鸡血滴进了盛着彝海湖水的碗中,二人一饮而尽。

结盟当日晚上,刘伯承将一面写着“中国夷(彝)民红军沽鸡(果基)支队”的红旗赠给了果基约达,并任命他为支队长。次日,小叶丹带红军进入拖乌地区,直到走出家支领地,才依依惜别。而后,红军后续部队也沿着“彝海结盟”这条友谊之路,顺利地通过彝区,迅速抢渡大渡河,跳出了国民党军的包围圈。

红军走后,国民党反动政府对小叶丹与红军结盟进行报复和迫害,逼迫他交出1.2万两白银和120头母羊。但小叶丹宁肯倾家荡产,也不愿交出队旗。他将旗帜珍藏在背篼下特制的夹层里随身携带,还叮嘱妻子:“万一我死了,你们一定要保护好这面红旗,将来交给红军。”

1942年6月18日,小叶丹遭到部族武装伏击不幸身亡。

1950年5月,西康省解放后,小叶丹的妻子遵照丈夫的遗嘱,把“中国夷(彝)民红军沽鸡(果基)支队”队旗献给了政府。如今,这面旗帜被珍藏在中国人民革命军事博物馆。

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