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极度濒危的中华凤头燕鸥有望摆脱灭绝命运

2019-01-17 17:02:00    新华网

新华社杭州1月17日电(记者 冯源)“2018年我们在浙江沿海的两个实验基地一共观察到77只成鸟,它们生下了25只雏鸟,共计102只,这意味着这一珍稀鸟类的全球数量首次超过了100只。”数量虽然很少,但是鸟类学家、浙江自然博物馆副馆长陈水华博士还是为之高兴:极度濒危的中华凤头燕鸥趋向灭绝的态势被初步遏止。

中华凤头燕鸥1861年发现于印尼,1863年被命名。它夏季来我国东部沿海繁育,冬季前往印尼、菲律宾等地越冬。从1937年到2000年,它长期销声匿迹,其间虽被多次目击,但是均未能验明正身。直到2000年,它才出现在马祖列岛。由于极为罕见、踪迹神秘,中华凤头燕鸥被誉为“神话之鸟”。长期以来,它被普遍评估为不足50只,被世界自然保护联盟列入极度濒危(CR)物种。

2003年6月,在台湾鸟类学家颜重威的建议下,浙江自然博物馆开始在浙江沿海寻找“神话之鸟”的踪迹,陈水华带队搜索了浙江的3061个岛屿,直到2004年7月,才在象山县韭山列岛找到了20只中华凤头燕鸥,但受两个台风的影响,它们没能成功繁殖。2007年,“神话之鸟”再现当地,却遇到了偷蛋贼。此后到2012年,它们再没来到当地。

所幸的是,2008年夏季,中华凤头燕鸥来到了舟山群岛的五峙山列岛,在浙江自然博物馆和五峙山省级自然保护区的严密监护下,有两对成鸟各自繁育了一只雏鸟,这是人们首次在浙江观察到“神话之鸟”繁殖成功。

2013年,在浙江省林业厅、环保厅和海洋渔业局的支持下,浙江自然博物馆、美国俄勒冈州立大学和象山县海洋与渔业局等机构在韭山列岛国家级自然保护区开展了国内首个人工引导鸟类选择繁殖栖息地的实验。研究人员利用燕鸥集群繁殖的习性,安装假鸟模型,播放鸣声录音,以此吸引中华凤头燕鸥及与其外形相像、数量较多的大凤头燕鸥。前者经常混在后者中生活。

到了夏天,实验引来了19只中华凤头燕鸥。而到了秋天,研究人员在观察它们南迁时,发现其中至少有一只中华凤头燕鸥雏鸟。2014年的实验更是招来了43只中华凤头燕鸥,成功繁育了13只雏鸟。2015年起在五峙山列岛开展的实验也获得了成功。然而,直到2017年,来自各方的数据显示,它们的全球数量始终没有过百。

而到2018年,35只中华凤头燕鸥来到韭山列岛,42只来到五峙山列岛,他们一共抚育了25只雏鸟。同期,在韩国等地,当地的鸟类学者共发现了14只中华凤头燕鸥。这就意味着其全球数量正式超过了100只。

陈水华说,雌性中华凤头燕鸥一次只产蛋一枚,一年的首次繁殖失败后也仅会再产一枚。其繁殖常受蛇、鼠、游隼等天敌侵袭,以及台风和人类活动的干扰,成功率很低。目前,它仍然属于极度濒危鸟类,需要更多的保护。近年来,他们除了开展招引实验,还对其开展了保护遗传学、繁殖生态学等方面的研究,并得到了国家自然科学基金的资助。保护遗传学的研究成果显示,中华凤头燕鸥会和大凤头燕鸥杂交,其后代又能与中华凤头燕鸥配对,其结果很可能会影响到中华凤头燕鸥种群的生存和延续。

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