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皖南茶乡见闻:茶叶栽培走新路 巧借生态产好茶

2018-09-14 10:12:02    新华网

新华社合肥9月14日电(记者王正忠、王立武)对茶叶来说,春茶秋管,一年之计在于秋,茶园秋季管理直接关系到来年茶叶的产量和质量。记者近日走进皖南太平猴魁茶林下种植示范基地采访时发现,这里的茶农创新“林下栽培”,茶园管理还找到了动植物、微生物相生相克的规律,解决了农药残留等难题。

这个基地位于黄山西麓的黄山区乌石镇桃源村,尽管已入秋,可繁茂林木间的近万亩茶园里,依然是茶叶特有的厚重绿色。茶农们正分散在高低错落的茶垄间,娴熟地打草、施肥。

山区茶叶种植的传统做法是,先砍伐掉山上树木,再单一品种的大面积种植。与此不同,太平猴魁茶林下种植示范基地采用的是“林下栽培”。

“目的就是要还茶于自然。”国家级非遗“太平猴魁制作技艺”代表性传承人郑中明,在茶园里边走边跟记者说,只有好茶园才能种出好茶叶。林下栽培的茶园,适当留种原生态的树木和林下植被,林间的散射光照、漫射光照,可改善茶园小气候,切合茶树喜温、喜潮湿、耐阴的生物学特性,提高茶树的环境适应能力;茶叶吸收林间各种树木、花草的芬芳香气,做成成品茶后,会形成独特的花蜜韵、熟果香。

“茶园良好的生态,还利于减少病虫害,茶园无须农药治虫。比如,6月至10月是茶树病虫害的高峰期,此时林下茶园里繁花次第盛开,野花能吸引蜂类前来采蜜,而蜂类正是茶树害虫的天敌。”郑中明说。

“三分种七分管”,要生产高品质的茶叶,茶园管理的技术要求自然也很高。郑中明说,秋季一过,茶树上部逐渐停止生长、进入休眠期,而根系却处于生长活跃期。经过一年的多批次采摘,茶树体内有效养分已消耗殆尽。所以,秋季管护非常重要。

林下栽培茶园的秋季管护方法,与传统密植茶园的管护不同,主要体现在除草和施肥两方面进行了生态化改良。传统的茶园秋季管理,除草靠深挖;林下栽培茶园除草用的是城市园林管护常见的打草机。

“可别小看这除草技术的改良,效果可是跟以往大不一样了。”茶工潘大宁指着背上的打草机告诉记者,用打草机除草,草会快速重新长出的新芽,为蜘蛛、瓢虫、捕食螨和寄生蜂这些茶园害虫天敌提供更好的栖息、繁殖场所和越冬美食。有了这些茶园害虫的天敌,就可以实现“以虫治虫”的茶园生物防控目标。

在这个示范基地深处的一片茶园里,示范基地负责人周首应一边指挥茶农在紧贴茶树根部开挖出的一条条20公分深的小沟里,施放菜籽饼肥,一边安排茶农将枯枝败叶和清除的杂草平铺在茶园。

“这种菜籽饼肥中含有的高效有益微生物菌群持续不断活动,能活化空气中氮素、分解释放难溶的磷钾养分。菜籽饼肥还能补充土壤有机质,缓慢释放茶树生长所需的营养,远胜过使用化肥。”周首应告诉记者,常规茶园增加肥力通常采用含氮量高的尿素,而平铺在茶园的枯枝败叶等腐殖物,2年以后就会积起厚厚的腐殖土,比任何化肥的能提供给茶树的营养元素都全,茶叶单芽的比重更高,更耐冲泡,更芳香甘美。

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