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滇池治理:两种发展观的较量

2018-07-25 10:06:02    新华网

用时四个“五年计划”,先后投入509亿元,列入全国“三河三湖”重点流域治理项目——云南滇池“先污染、后治理”的成本是昂贵的。但这个钱该花。

作为世界关注的高原湖泊,拥有35条河道支流的滇池流域,不仅是长江上游的生态屏障之一,也是云南省的经济重地:面积只占全省0.78%,却承载了占昆明80%、云南25%的经济产值。

十几年前,记者出差昆明曾兴冲冲跑去一览“百里滇池”之美,看到的却是水面如绿漆粉刷,恶臭味徐徐扑鼻,传说中的“高原明珠”呈现的竟是“死水微澜图”。

7月21日,为一探滇池治理变化,记者一行泛舟湖上,试图嗅出什么异味,找到重度富营养的蓝藻。但扑面而来的只有湿润的风、淡绿的水、跳跃的鱼儿,以及间或传来的鸟叫。

昆明人今天并不讳言“滇池之痛”和“发展之失”。面对记者,副市长吴涛反思说,从上世纪70年代开始,“向滇池要粮”“环湖发展乡镇企业”,加之城市规模扩大、人口快速增长,无休止的“索取”超出了滇池的承载力,直至失去水体自净能力。到1990年前后,滇池水质降为劣Ⅴ类,成为我国污染最重的湖泊之一。

“60年代淘米洗菜,70年代可以捉虾捞鱼,80年代初洗澡痛快,90年代前后蓝藻暴发。”吴涛回忆说,污染最严重时,扔块石头都不会下沉,蓝藻大面积死亡时,周围几公里都是臭味。

因为发展理念,也因为发展阶段,还因为急功近利——20年滇池变化的背后,是一场不同“发展观”的较量,是一场“污染与治理”的拉锯战。治污前十年,昆明市对大批污染大、能耗高的项目“端茶送客”,但怎奈积重难返,只是在“还旧账”,污染的发展趋势并没有得到有效遏制。第二个十年,滇池治污理念从“点源控制”逐渐过渡到“全流域治理”,“遏制增量”的同时“削减存量”。截污、关停、退地、撤人、清淤、疏支、引水、补偿——能想到的办法几乎都在用。

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