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越圆越光滑就越好? 足球真没你想得这么简单!

2018-07-10 07:41:02    新华网

越圆越光滑就越好? 足球真没你想得这么简单!

  长知识

4年一度的世界杯接近尾声,今年的比赛频频爆冷:卫冕冠军德国队输给了韩国队、俄罗斯队淘汰了西班牙队、葡萄牙队止步于16强、阿根廷队被提前淘汰、巴西队未能进入半决赛……梅西、C罗和内马尔都“凉凉”了,而这一切只能说明,足球是圆的,球场上一切皆有可能。

在一般人的意识里,足球似乎是越圆、表面越光滑就越好踢,但事实上往届世界杯用球曾因太圆、太过光滑而被吐槽这是为什么?本届世界杯的爆冷会不会也与所用足球“电视之星”有关呢?

粗糙球比光滑球飞得更远

通常人们认为,球越圆、表面越光滑,在飞行过程中,球面与大气的摩擦就越少,同等用力的情况下,理应飞得更远。但是在浙江大学教授毛根海所著的《奇妙的流体运动科学》一书中却写道:同等条件下,布满小酒窝的高尔夫球,在飞行中所受到的阻力只有光滑球的一半,飞行距离是光滑球的5倍。

问题来了,为什么粗糙球比光滑球飞得更远?中国科学院大气物理研究所博士李杉在接受科技日报记者采访时表示,这可以用流体力学来解释。

大气阻力分为摩擦阻力和压差阻力,摩擦阻力我们都知道,但什么叫压差阻力呢?先来看一个例子:1968年阿波罗8号飞船返回地球大气层时,由于速度极高,飞船前方与大气剧烈冲撞,压力极高,但飞船后方空间压力很小,这是由于飞船高速下落时会排开空气,后方空气少了,压力自然就小了,而后方压力小会产生一种抽吸的力。像阿波罗8号这样,物体在运动时,前后压力差所带来的阻力就叫做压差阻力。

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