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中国科学家首次系统揭示人类消化道发育细胞图谱

2018-06-07 20:06:01    央广网

我国科学家日前在学术期刊《自然—细胞生物学》(Nature Cell Biology)在线发表研究论文,在国际上首次从单细胞分辨率和全转录组水平,全面、系统、深入地阐明了食道、胃、小肠和大肠这4种器官在人类胚胎发育过程中的基因表达图谱及其信号调控机制,揭示了这4种器官不同细胞类型之间的精准发育路径和基因表达特征,并进一步详细解析了大肠从胎儿到成人的发育、成熟路径和关键生物学特征。这是我国科学家首次系统揭示人类消化道发育细胞图谱。

消化系统是人体中最重要的器官系统之一,而消化道作为消化系统最重要的组成部分,在食物消化、营养吸收、废物排泄、抵抗微生物入侵等多个方面起着极其重要的作用。消化道主要由食道、胃、小肠、大肠组成。揭示这4种器官在人类胚胎发育过程中的基因表达调控网络以及细胞类型图谱是发育生物学的重大课题。据介绍,本研究首先分离并获取了人类6到25周胚胎中食道、胃、小肠和大肠以及成年人的大肠总计5277个单细胞,并对其进行高精度的单细胞转录组测序,获得了多达5T的基因表达谱数据。研究团队进行深度数据挖掘,对这4种器官的发育进程在基因表达调控层面进行了深入解析。

首先,研究团队通过关键基因表达特征定义了这4种器官共40种不同的重要细胞类型,其中在人类胚胎发育阶段鉴定出30种不同的细胞类型。通过对这30种细胞类型的关键生物学特征分析后发现,其中具有干、祖细胞特征的细胞类型有19种,在胚胎发育的较早期就已经出现并且贯穿于整个胚胎发育时期,其细胞周期也呈现出活跃分裂增殖的特点。另一方面,分析显示,胚胎早期消化道4种不同器官的细胞具有高度相似的基因表达特点,而胚胎晚期这4种不同器官的细胞基因表达差异非常明显,显示这些细胞类型功能成熟后基因表达的高度器官特异性和细胞类型特异性。同时,小肠同其他3种消化道器官相比,营养吸收代谢的关键基因在胚胎晚期被大规模同步激活,说明处于胚胎晚期的小肠可能已经具备了基本的营养吸收功能。这也说明随着胚胎发育的进行,4种器官在功能上的差异性也逐渐展现出来。

这项研究成果由北京大学北京未来基因诊断高精尖创新中心、北京大学生物动态光学成像中心、北京大学—清华大学生命科学联合中心汤富酬课题组、北京国际数学研究中心葛颢课题组,携手北京大学第三医院乔杰课题组联合获得。研究发现为消化道生物学研究领域提供了全面翔实的发育细胞图谱数据,具有重大参考价值。此外,对于这4种消化道器官相关的癌症,特别是胃癌和结直肠癌的致病机理研究,此项研究结果也在基因表达层面上提供了重要参考。

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