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环境考古学家“还原”华东史前大风暴

2018-04-18 15:06:02    新华网

“该风暴事件能够侵蚀到30到40厘米厚的泥炭层,并可能摧毁大树,推测其强度应相当于今天的强台风或超强台风。”王张华说,这意味着它的中心风力能达12级至16级以上,海面掀起十多米的巨浪,陆地遭受灾害性的破坏。

王张华带领的研究团队采用了一种光释光测年技术,测量了鱼山遗址风暴地层里的石英矿物,确定了风暴发生的年代。其原理是:石英晶体被埋藏时,会接受周围环境中放射性核素衰变所产生的射线辐照,并储存其能量。科学家可以在实验室激发这些能量,从而推断出晶体何时被掩埋。

  鱼山遗址保存着从新石器时代到唐宋时期的丰富遗存。(浙江宁波文物考古研究所供图)

研究人员还结合地质和考古中常用的放射性碳同位素测年手段,探查了地层中的炭屑、植物碎屑的年龄,又对比了邻近的田螺山遗址地层测年结果,这才得以将风暴时间界定为公元前2560年前后,即大约4580年前。

高科技带来的发现也得到了田野考古的证实。在属于良渚文化的地层顶部,有着显著的风暴侵蚀面。此外,还有一道宽60厘米、高约20到30厘米的沙脊,切穿良渚地层,“这样的地层关系和沙脊地貌是典型的风暴产物。”王张华说。

研究人员进一步对该遗址地层进行了藻类化石和有机碳来源分析,分析结果显示:覆盖良渚文化层之上的自然淤积层,形成于海水环境,反映这次强风暴事件发生之后,海水淹没该遗址长达千年。地层记录还显示:杭州湾的相对海平面在公元前2560至2440年前后,快速上升了约0.95米,误差为上下0.52米。

王张华解释说,这120年间正是良渚文化衰落时期。“由于相对海平面的快速上升,长江口-杭州湾滨海平原普遍发生严重的水涝灾害,从而深刻影响了古人类在该地区的生产和生活,甚至可能导致良渚古人放弃家园、迁移他处。”

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