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厉害了中国科技:诱导多能干细胞助推再生医学

2018-04-09 07:30:24    新华网

2007年,日本科学家山中伸弥所在的团队发明了诱导表皮细胞使之变身为多能干细胞的方法。此方法诱导出的干细胞可转变为心肌和神经细胞,为研究治疗多种心血管绝症提供了巨大助力。这一方法被业界称为“山中伸弥方法”,其研究成果免除了使用人体胚胎提取干细胞的伦理道德制约,因此在全世界被广泛应用。山中伸弥团队也凭此获得了2012年的诺贝尔生理或医学奖。

然而,“山中伸弥方法”还是存在缺陷,它是利用病毒载体进行基因运送,具有致癌隐患,对于以后的临床应用有较大风险。后期,又有科学家利用化学小分子替代山中伸弥因子诱导出了多能干细胞,但存在步骤多、时间长、效率低、机理不清楚等缺点。

裴端卿研究员领衔的科研团队经过多年攻关,开发出一套高效、简单的化学小分子诱导多能干细胞的方法,即化合物诱导干细胞多能性。

裴端卿说:“我们这个方案只需要给细胞用两种不同的‘药水’依次‘洗澡’,便可以将体细胞‘返老还童’到胚胎干细胞的状态。这一方法比之前的方案简单、高效,所需的初始细胞量少。更重要的是,可以实现多种体细胞类型‘返老还童’,包括在体外极难培养的肝细胞。”

  为开辟药物诱导细胞命运转变提供新方向,推动再生医学发展

这些神奇的“魔法药水”是如何将成体细胞诱导到胚胎发育早期的多能干细胞状态的呢?研究发现,细胞的命运是受细胞核内部的“信息中枢”染色质的状态控制。

“细胞染色质的开放(1)与关闭(0)状态总和,构成了决定细胞命运状态。这种情况就犹如计算机二进制的‘密码串’,进而将细胞‘锁’在了特定状态。”裴端卿说。

科研团队进一步研究发现,在成体细胞的开放染色质位点周围,由AP—1及ETS等转录因子家族成员看守着,而在胚胎干细胞中,则由OCT,SOX 和KLF 等转录因子家族成员看守。细胞的“返老还童”也就是成体细胞特异的染色质由开放到关闭,而干细胞特异的染色质则由关闭到开放的更替过程。

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