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价格改革稳步向纵深推进

2017-10-15 07:07:53   

铁路运输价格改革也为铁路行业发展带来了更大动力。铁路货运按照与公路货运1∶3左右的比价关系,2013年至2015年分三步理顺国铁货运价格,并由政府定价改为政府指导价,允许铁路运输企业以国家规定运价为基准上浮不超过10%、下浮不限。

把握改革脉搏是关键

农产品、电力、天然气、医药、铁路运输等领域的改革,都涉及深层次的体制机制矛盾,又关系国计民生,牵一发而动全身。这些领域的价格改革平稳有序推进,关键在于坚定地把握住了全面深化改革的脉搏。

——方向明。党的十八届三中全会提出,完善主要由市场决定价格的机制的总体要求。《中共中央 国务院关于推进价格机制改革的若干意见》从顶层对价格改革进行了设计。国务院多次对价格改革作出明确部署。价格改革严格执行了中央决策部署,凡是能由市场形成价格的都交给市场,强化事中事后价格监管,建立科学、规范、透明的政府定价机制。

——步伐稳。价格改革涉及面广,关系到方方面面的利益调整,必须整体谋划,分步推进。价格改革的推进,明确了重点改革的三年计划、年度安排和推进步骤,对改革作出系统安排和具体部署。对每项重点改革,都充分调查研究、科学论证,明确了“施工图”,把握好时机、节奏、力度,稳步有序推进。

——兜底线。价格改革涉及群众切身利益,必须把保障民生放在首位。在出台电力、天然气、医疗服务等直接关系民生的重大改革方案时,坚持底线思维,配套制定困难群众、特殊群体基本生活保障措施。

——推公开。推进民主决策、公众参与是依法治国的必然要求,也是顺利推进改革的重要条件。输配电、天然气管道运输、铁路客运等成本监审或定价办法,都公开征求了社会意见。

价格机制引导资源配置

随着价格改革的推进,我国基本实现了价格管理从直接制定价格水平向建机制、强监管的转变,使价格机制真正引导资源配置,服务供给侧结构性改革方面的成效不断显现。

市场决定价格机制基本建立。中央政府定价项目由约100项缩减为20项,地方定价项目也由平均100项缩减为平均45项。按照价值量测算,中央、地方政府定价比重分别为1.45%、1.54%,优化了资源配置效率,调动了社会资本投资积极性,激发了创业创新活力。

“准许成本+合理收益”为核心的定价制度初步建立。目前保留的极少数政府定价项目,已全面实行清单化管理,并按照“准确核定成本、科学确定利润、严格进行监管”的思路,初步建立以“准许成本+合理收益”为核心的科学定价制度。

价格杠杆促进降成本、调结构成效显著。通过煤电联动、输配电价改革、电力直接交易及加强天然气价格监管、加大收费清理规范等措施,总计降低企业用能成本和收费负担4000多亿元。对电解铝、水泥、钢铁等产能过剩领域用电实行阶梯或差别价格政策,形成了有利于淘汰落后产能的倒逼机制。

民生领域“保基本”政策框架初步确立。紧密结合我国中低收入群体人数较多的国情,建立健全社会救助和保障标准与物价上涨挂钩的联动机制,探索开展农产品价格保险,保障了群众基本生活。

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