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【治国理政新实践 内蒙古篇】黑河科学调水17年 内蒙古荒漠中崛起“绿色奇迹”

2017-09-25 19:57:53   央广网

为保调水,黑河岸边水闸昼夜“人不离口,口不离人”,形成了一支“绿色护卫队”。甘州区小满镇毛正智,这位普通的庄稼汉,默默地放下农活,开始堵坝护水,在黑河沿岸,张掖人修了88个闸口,2000年4次闭口,给下游留足6.5亿立方米水的指标。

大漠流泽,居延复苏。17年来,黑河共计闭口下泄58次,调水水量185亿立方米,“救命水”送了一程又一程,东居延海创造了连续13年不干的“生命传奇”,水面达41.3平方公里,鸟类达到3万多只,胡杨林增至44万亩,湿地扩大到30万亩,周边生态已恢复到上世纪七八十年代水平。

缺水倒逼“节水革命”,绿色产业焕发新活力

黑河调水,重在中游。有了黑河水,才有“金张掖”;分了黑河水,张掖怎么办?

刘钢介绍,张掖是我国十大商品粮基地之一,用水占全河的90%以上。按照国务院确定的分水方案,张掖要往下游分出六成水量,相当于减少60万亩耕地的用水量,难度可想而知。

“关键在节水,潜力在农业。”中游各地开始量水而行,以水定发展,倒逼结构调整,掀起一场农业节水“自我革命”。

2001年,张掖成为我国第一个节水型社会试点地区。总量控制、定额管理,张掖市把水与农民的利益捆绑起来,形成“以水定地,配水到户,水量交易,水票运转”的节水型社会运行机制。

以水调结构。甘州区将灌区七成以上的小麦改为节水型制种玉米。“以前浇地大水漫灌,水把埂子冲掉也不在意。现在要精打细算,多用水多交钱。”头闸村村民郭龙算了一笔账:他租种50亩地,与以前种植小麦相比,一亩节水近一半,亩收入增加700多元。

节水技术跟进。张掖大力推广全膜垄作沟灌,大田作物间、套、复种等节水增收技术。党寨镇十号村村支书宋发林说,以前小麦套种玉米,一年要浇600多立方米水,现在制种玉米用膜下滴灌技术,一年只用200多立方米水。

水交易日益成熟,“卖水”是农户间的寻常事。“省水就是省钱,让咱多浇水都不干。”高台县农民刘兴文说,“每个农户一本水权证,先交水票后浇水,用不完的水票,可通过水市场卖。”水权交易有效平衡了农村用水,户户明确总量,人人清楚定额,节水成为农民的自觉行动。

打造节水型经济,张掖在全市范围内禁止新开荒地,禁种新的高耗水作物,压缩已有的高耗水作物;扩大林草面积,扩大经济作物面积,扩大低耗水作物面积。目前,全市节水灌溉面积达300余万亩,年节水1.5亿立方米,用水总量控制在22.54亿立方米,农田灌溉水有效利用系数提高到0.578。

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