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上海交大科研团队实现大面积高效率钙钛矿太阳能电池制备

2017-09-11 20:42:21   央广网

比蝉翼还薄几十倍,“高质量薄膜”决定高效率

钙钛矿薄膜在钙钛矿电池中起着关键作用,它的质量和性能直接决定着电池效率的高低。

这就要求这个薄膜非常均匀致密、结晶性好。然而,在电池器件里,钙钛矿薄膜极薄,古人曾用“薄如蝉翼”来形容物之纤薄,而电池里的钙钛矿薄膜的厚度比蝉翼还要薄几十倍,而且这种材料的结构比较脆弱,制备过程对薄膜质量的影响非常大,一点点微小的条件变化就会导致薄膜中产生较多瑕疵,影响电池的光电转换效率。

传统的钙钛矿薄膜制备方法可以大致分为“真空蒸镀法”和“溶液法”两类:前者对于薄膜的生长比较难控制,而且工序复杂、成本较高。后者是目前常用的方法,使用有机溶剂溶解钙钛矿粉末配置成溶液,将溶液做成液体薄膜,不过这些有机溶剂一般有刺激性甚至是毒性,大规模使用会带来环境问题;而且有机溶剂是一种外来添加的成分,会和钙钛矿材料产生复杂的相互作用,后期去除比较麻烦,也会增加成本、影响薄膜质量。

能不能既不使用“真空蒸镀”又不使用“有机溶剂”呢?“要制作高质量的薄膜,还是得把钙钛矿材料做成液体,方便成形。在由碘、铅、甲铵三种主要的成分组成的钙钛矿材料里,甲铵是以离子的形式存在的,当甲铵离子遇到甲铵分子,会产生神奇的‘化学反应’,于是我们采用了一种方法——用‘甲铵’制服‘甲铵’:引进甲铵气体,让气体中的甲铵分子和钙钛矿材料中的甲铵离子进行反应,将生成物混合后就可以得到钙钛矿材料的液体。”韩礼元介绍说,这种液体可以快速释放出甲铵气体变成钙钛矿固体,而释放出的甲铵气体可以再次被用于与碘化甲铵固体粉末和碘化铅固体粉末进行反应,实现材料的循环利用。

在薄膜制备方法上,研究人员也进行了创新。目前高效率小面积(0.04 cm2-0.2cm2)钙钛矿太阳能电池依赖旋转涂布溶液的方法来获得高质量钙钛矿薄膜,这种方法有点像“摊煎饼”,在制备面积小于25 cm2(5cmX5cm)的钙钛矿薄膜时有比较大的技术优势,在制备更大面积的薄膜时,由于薄膜不同区域的的旋转速度差别很大,容易导致薄膜出现针孔、覆盖不完全、厚度和组分不均匀等问题,严重影响电池器件的光电转换效率。而韩礼元团队采用的是一次成形的压力辅助制备方法,通过控制压力把液体材料涂布在平板基底上,就得到了均匀分布的液体薄膜。

未来展望

韩礼元团队所研究的新型制备大面积均匀钙钛矿薄膜的方法,为实现大规模生产低成本钙钛矿太阳能电池模块提供了一个新的发展方向。该团队表示,未来的研究方向将把该团队小面积高效率器件的制备技术应用到模块当中,有希望达到和当前硅太阳能电池相当的模块效率。此外,将进一步对钙钛矿电池的稳定性做深入探究,加速该型电池商业化进程。结合以上两点,该团队希望通过他们以及其他科研工作者的共同努力,使钙钛矿太阳能电池成为市场主流的发电方式,为降低发电成本,缓解能源危机,改善自然环境做出贡献。

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