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“生命禁区”里的求生“智慧”——随“第三极”科考队探秘高原奇花异草

2017-08-26 11:40:59   新华网

此外,针状叶子还能起到保护作用。当紫花针茅的种子成熟后,叶子的针芒就会变得非常尖锐,很容易刺伤动物皮肤。不少食草动物见了它无从下口,只能“望草兴叹”。

塔黄:“你为我传粉,我为你育儿”

为吸引昆虫造访并传粉,一些植物提供花蜜等作为“回报”和“奖励”。而高山植物塔黄,会为前来传粉的昆虫提供产床和食物。

高原环境恶劣,传粉昆虫种类少且活动能力弱,生长在这里的植物普遍存在传粉限制。然而,塔黄在自然条件下的坐果率高达98%。

它是如何做到的?杨永平介绍,研究人员调查发现,塔黄在开花时被一种双翅目眼蕈蚊频繁访问。这种昆虫的雌、雄虫首先在塔黄花朵苞片外交配,之后雌虫进入苞片内,在花间爬行并将卵产入花的子房内。子房内的卵在种子即将成熟时开始孵化为幼虫,并以成熟的塔黄种子为食,完成幼虫发育,之后爬出果实钻入土壤化成蛹越冬,第二年夏天羽化为成虫,开始下一个世代。

尽管这种蕈蚊的幼虫会消耗一部分种子,但蕈蚊在访花时通过传粉能给塔黄带来约50%的净繁殖收益。看来,塔黄的“牺牲”是值得的。

马先蒿:身形百变,招蜂引蝶

每到夏季,青藏高原一望无际的草甸上,盛开着由多种马先蒿组成的五色花朵。花丛中纷飞的彩蝶、忙碌的蜜蜂,犹如一个个欢快的精灵。

在青藏高原,也有一些植物必须依靠有性生殖的方式完成繁衍,尤其是那些异花授粉的类群,都有一套招蜂引蝶的本领。

杨永平说,列当科的马先蒿有600至800个种,许多特有种分布在青藏高原地区。马先蒿最大特点之一是其花冠形态多样,几乎每个种的花朵都不相同,变化之多让人眼花缭乱。

研究表明,马先蒿缤纷多样的花冠类型是与其传粉机制相适应而长期演化的结果。颜色鲜艳、形状各异的花朵,可以增强其对传粉蜂虫的吸引力。

青藏高原是一个巨大的植物王国。2016年西藏环境公报显示:西藏有野生植物9600多种,高等植物6600多种,有855种为西藏特有,有212种珍稀濒危野生植物列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录。

杨永平说,由于青藏高原的环境异质性很高,适于植物生存的小环境、小气候较多,为植物就地演化成种提供了条件;高原之外的植物迁入青藏高原的途径也较多。当然,更为重要的原因在于植物本身,这里的植物有一套适应环境的“生存之道”。

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