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根据我国空气质量监测标准,臭氧1小时平均浓度超过200微克/立方米即为超标;当某日臭氧浓度的最大8小时平均值超过160微克/立方米,则确定当日出现臭氧污染。
目前的科学研究一般认为,我国城市臭氧污染的成因比较复杂。内因是氮氧化物和挥发性有机物排放,在空气中进行复杂的光化学反应形成,外因则是高温、强太阳辐射等气象条件。另外,区域传输也是污染形成的原因。通过臭氧的形成机制,可以推断出臭氧污染通常出现在天气晴朗的夏季城市。机动车排出的尾气中同时含有氮氧化物和碳氢化物,是形成臭氧的绝佳条件。
臭氧污染怎么得到根本解决?北大研究团队建议,像管控PM2.5一样管控臭氧,对京津冀地区乃至全国主要污染区域设定臭氧改善的具体数值目标,以便采取有力措施及时遏制污染趋势、有效降低臭氧浓度。
中国工程院院士唐孝炎在近期的一次清洁空气论坛上指出,在当前污染源不可能下降很多的情况下,当务之急是总结这几年哪些气象条件下容易出现重污染过程,哪些重污染源在重污染气象条件经过的地区。如果正好在某一个气象点的路径上,能不能考虑搬迁?但企业搬迁要避免石油化工与钢铁连在一起。
孟晓艳说,“大气十条”要求控制臭氧生成的氮氧化物和挥发性有机物等的排放。我国对臭氧污染已经采取了一系列措施,包括PM2.5和臭氧协同控制、出台挥发性有机物治理政策标准和大幅度削减氮氧化物排放等。但是近年来臭氧浓度趋高,说明氮氧化物和挥发性有机物的控制力度不匹配。挥发性有机物尚未得到有效控制,未来还需加强。
针对个人防护,由于目前尚未找到对高浓度臭氧的有效防护办法,学术界对公众的提醒大多只能强调“少外出”。也有人认为,短时间的接触不会对人体产生永久损伤,在没有明显闻到异味的前提下,公众不必过于担心。
新闻背景:臭氧是怎样形成的?》》详细
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