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媒体评乐视风波:应慎玩“用大众钱追自己梦”

2017-07-18 05:22:17   经济参考报

伟大企业的建设必然行于荆棘路,不宜盲目乐观,用宏大前景取代跬步的积累之功。激情与梦想必须有夯实的基础。可以有跳跃式的冒险,但整体上应当有踏实的路线图支撑。常青企业的崛起不能凭借PPT、“all in”鸡血式的打气,不能靠蓝图画饼来充饥,不能靠资本市场不断圈钱来维持燃烧,不应把长期挤占供货商货款当作融资。这是一个正当的工商社会中所有大企业应当遵循的准则,即使是玩新科技的。对过度扩张、产业链过长的批评,可能是燕雀之见,但也蕴含着对企业经营之道的真诚思考。

诚然,企业用钱、赚钱是一个动态过程,企业家可以讲好故事,讲用更多的钱在将来赚更多的钱。但倘若无把握实现这一点,一切的故事都是枉然。现代企业在很大程度上有赖公众资金的支持,而不是企业家自有的资产。企业家不能为自己圆梦、就无怨无悔地拿公众企业去豪赌明天。贾跃亭至今还在拿汽车愿景说事,却对如何化解眼前的乐视危机全无具体讲法。

说到汽车,说到伟大企业,一个世纪前的福特汽车公司恐怕比大多数当前的中国公司做出了更多使人类生活质量升级换代的贡献,但当创始人亨利·福特在法庭上豪言自己志在为社会大众制造更多物美价廉的汽车时,密歇根州法院毫不含糊地指出,公司经营者应当把股东利益放在优先地位。Dodge v.Henry案成为流传不朽的经典判例,此论断也成为美国公司奉行的圭臬。而这并没有阻碍它们的创造和梦想能力。相反,百年来美国企业推陈出新,引领风骚,冠绝全球。尽管美国企业拔得头筹的原因不在于比欧日公司更重视股东利益,但其作为核心价值观的地位不容低估。即便让众多中华互联网新贵痴醉的苹果公司亦是如此。中国新生代企业家要实现卓越,亦不可忘却这一本位。

挪钱:达摩克利斯之剑犹在

乐视拆东墙补西墙已经逐渐不再是一个秘密,会计专业毕业的贾跃亭显然深谙资本运作之道。二十年商海沉浮,自有保身之道。但随着潮水退去,是否有越过红线的资金挪用行为,仍然值得关注。

6月28日,易到租车宣布控股股东不再是乐视,2天后就线上提现全部兑现。而2015年10月,乐视以7亿美元收购易到70%股份,成为股控股东。今年4月,易到创始人、前CEO周航曾公开声明指责乐视挪用易到资金13亿元,引发口水战。最后周航等易到三位创始人集体辞职,乐视完全控制易到。但本人身边就有作为易到老用户的资深律师公开抱怨乐视入主后,易到服务一落千丈、屡兴大额充返的资金游戏,并质疑乐视转移资产、应予以法律追诉。如今易到换了新主,是否会倒翻旧账,引发悬念。

当初,乐视称2016年11月由于易到单独贷款困难,乐视控股以乐视大厦抵押,以易到为主体取得14亿元贷款,其中1亿元用于易到,13亿元用于乐视生态。但法律上对此如何认识,较为复杂,有待贷款合同条款披露。

一是贷款是流动资金贷款,还是项目贷款?前者用于正常生产经营周转或临时性资金需要,后者是除房地产贷款以外的、用于借款人新建、扩建、改造、开发、购置固定资产投资项目的贷款。银行对后者作资金监控,对前者则无,故会产生较大的挪用风险。

二是贷款流向是否违约。银行一般不愿意一个公司获贷后,给另外一个公司用,因为这会导致关系复杂、风险扩大。贷款担保方尽管是责任人,并不自动因此获得使用贷款的法律资格。

三是乐视控股负责出抵押物,并用了资金大头,为何仍以易到作为贷款主体?这可能由于乐视已不具备贷款资质,如中国人民银行《贷款通则》要求的、对股本权益性投资累计额未超过其净资产总额50%。如此,则可能涉嫌规避、欺诈贷款人。

(作者为中央财经大学法学院副教授)

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