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专家:中国或2025年迈入高收入国家

2017-05-09 03:56:21   

跨越陷阱需要经济结构转型

NBD:当前我国经济增速放缓会影响到我国跨越“中等收入陷阱”吗?

马晓河:从长周期来看,经济增速下降是一个经济体的必然趋势,重点需要关注的是增速以一种什么样的方式下降,以及下降的原因是什么。

与低收入国家相比,我们的中低端产业比较优势正在消失;而与高收入国家相比,我们的高端产业在创新上又没有比较优势。如果旧动能丧失了,新动能没能够及时补上,这样的话就需要引起注意了。如果短期内增速下降太快,比如从两位数增速快速下降到2%~3%的水平,这也要引起重视。从现在看,中国经济增速总体稳定在6.5%~7%的水平,这种速度对跨越“中等收入陷阱”还是乐观的。当然关键还是要看增长质量。

NBD:以推进经济新旧动能转换为目标之一的供给侧结构性改革是否有助于跨越“中等收入陷阱”?跨越“陷阱”和经济结构、产业结构有什么关系?

马晓河:分析其他经济体可以得到跨越“中等收入陷阱”正反两方面案例。

巴西陷入“中等收入陷阱”时间比较长,主要原因就是巴西工业化战略选择不恰当,重化工业优先发展,还出现了长期通胀、过度城市化等弊端;而从成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”的日本、韩国来看,它们一方面是实现了需求结构成功转化,建立了以消费为主导的社会,二是产业结构也从过去的中低端向技术密集、资本密集、高附加值产出主导发展的转型。

我国当前经济状态是处于中上等收入国家水平,但产业结构处于中下等收入国家水平,是一种供给超过需求的产业结构。这种产业结构最大问题是,落后的传统产出动能正在丧失,而新兴产业成长还在孕育期,新旧两个动能不能完全接续。跨越“中等收入陷阱”的确需要投资结构、消费结构、产业结构转型。

分配公平有助于跨越陷阱

NBD:今年一季度我国消费对经济增长的贡献率达到77.2%。您如何看当前我国消费对经济的推动作用?

马晓河:当前消费对经济贡献有所上升,重要原因是投资贡献率下降带来的。2015年在世界人均收入在3000~ 12000美元之间的国家中,中国居民消费占GDP的比率仅为38%,比马来西亚、埃及等国家的消费水平都低,一般中上等收入水平国家居民消费率在50%以上。投资占比大会对消费形成挤出效应。

NBD:收入分配是如何影响跨越“中等收入陷阱”的?

马晓河:中等收入群体是创新的主体,是消费的主体,也是人力资本提升的主体,还是社会的稳定主体,这一群体扩大有助于跨越“中等收入陷阱”。现在看来,到2025年我国跨入高等收入门槛的目标是能够实现的,需要关注的是跨过这道门槛之后,怎么样实现更好的发展。跨越“中等收入陷阱”不仅仅是人均GDP增长,还需要更公平的收入分配体系加以支撑,形成橄榄型的社会格局,还需要经济结构转型、社会结构转型等多方面改革的支撑。日本、韩国在跨越中等收入阶段时,也体现出及时形成中产阶级,城市化同步推进,以及政治结构转型与经济结构、社会结构相适应的特点。

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