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高房价被指影响二孩政策 国务院40部门着手推进

2017-01-23 03:15:16   

值得注意的是,出生人口地域分布存在一定差异。杨文庄介绍说,东北和华北的一些省区生育增加更为明显,这反映了在北方确实有“羊年效应”的影响。同 时,大体上看,东部较西部、城市较乡村政策效应要相对更明显一些。这主要是因为东部地区、城市地区符合全面二孩政策的人群要多一些,加上流动人口跨地域生 育等情况,所以显示出了一定的地域特点。

  育儿负担阻碍“二孩”落地

此前,国务院在《“十三五”卫生与健康规划》中提出,到2020年中国总和生育率要从目前的1.5~1.6回升至1.8左右。不过,这一指标被列为预期性指标而非约束性指标。

马力表示,最近这些年的出生率确实相对较低,回到2是合理的,也是目标。从宏观来看,所有的家庭都生2个孩子的话,可使人口结构更加趋于合理。但人 们出于自我价值实现、社会保障制度的完善,以及时间、工作、成本等方面的考虑,生孩子的意愿有所降低。所以,“十三五”时期,1.8左右的总和生育率是较 为合理的。

杨文庄也表示,“十三五”是政策调整效应集中释放的时期,总和生育率在1.8左右波动,(但)这个判断我们还有待时间的进一步检验。”

《每日经济新闻》记者注意到,政策利好之下,一些家庭生育意愿得到释放的同时,也有家庭因养育负担等问题“不敢生”。国家卫计委2015年生育意愿调查的结果显示,因为经济负担、太费精力和无人看护而不愿生育第二个子女的分别占到74.5%、61.1%和60.5%。

杨文庄指出,照料压力、养育成本、女性的职业发展,以及追求生活质量等因素,对人们生育意愿和生育行为的约束增强了。有调查显示,育儿成本已经占到 我国家庭平均收入的近50%,教育支出是最主要的一个负担。还有,托育服务短缺非常严重,0~3岁婴幼儿在我国各类托幼机构的入托率仅为4%,远低于一些 发达国家50%的比例,我国80%的婴幼儿都是由祖辈参与看护。

“近年来,大中城市房价攀升,许多家庭也由于这些因素在考虑推迟生育。”杨文庄指出,同时一些用人单位,担心女性生育二孩提高用人成本,就业歧视问题也有所显现。一些地方女性产假、哺乳假等权益落实不到位,母婴设施缺乏,女性在兼顾家庭和事业发展方面,存在着很多的顾虑。

目前,按照中央的要求,国务院40多个部门已明确分工,推进全面二孩政策落实。

一方面,积极构建配套的政策体系,完善医疗、托育、教育、社保、税收等相关经济政策,加强妇幼服务体系建设,完善基本生育免费服务制度,加强儿童医 疗服务供给。积极开展托育服务,大力推进学前和中小学义务教育均等化,开展相关福利制度的政策研究,完善促进性别平等的政策措施,保障女性就业、休假等合 法权益,平衡工作和家庭的关系。

另一方面,大力加强新型人口文化和生育文化的建设,倡导家庭负责任、有计划的生育,摒弃重男轻女的陋习,把生育与养育教育结合起来,对子女的健康成 长负责。重视家庭建设,尊老爱幼,夫妻共同承担养育子女的责任,不要把责任都推给母亲。也要健全完善相应的服务设施,关心妇女儿童发展,营造对生育友好的 社会环境。

不过,杨文庄同时指出,从发达国家的经验看,各国在鼓励生育上,主要采取经济支持、提供托幼服务等措施,还在女性就业方面提供一些便利和促进政策。但政策实施的效果一般有5年到10年的滞后,这也提示我国需要在政策制定落实方面,加紧做、加快做。

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